AP®︎ European History: Topic 6.8 Flashcards

Permanent party with mass membership, local branches, funding, publications, platforms, and organizers that continuously mobilized voters and pursued reform

Mass party formed from Whigs, radicals, and free-traders that appealed to many middle-class voters, Nonconformists, and supporters of civil and political reform

Party developed from the Tories that built a mass organization around nationalism, property, established institutions, and limited reforms meant to preserve social order

Benjamin Disraeli’s paternalist approach of using limited social reform to reconcile classes and preserve the existing political and social order

French socialist party formed in 1905 by uniting several socialist groups, associated especially with Jean Jaurès

Workers’ organization that defended workplace interests through dues, benefits, collective bargaining, petitions, demonstrations, and strikes

British laws of 1799–1800 prohibiting many worker combinations; repealed in 1824, though union activity remained restricted

Dues-supported workers’ association providing assistance during illness, unemployment, strikes, or death before extensive state welfare existed

Mid-19th-century British unions of skilled workers emphasizing disciplined organization, financial reserves, and negotiated workplace improvements

British federation established in 1868 to coordinate trade unions and represent the wider union movement

Late-19th-century movement that organized dockworkers, gas workers, transport workers, and other less-skilled laborers through broad recruitment and large strikes

Bismarck’s laws of 1878–1890 restricting socialist meetings, publications, and organizations without preventing socialist candidates from contesting elections

British organization founded by unions and socialists in 1900 to secure working-class representation; renamed the Labour Party in 1906

Socialist workers’ party founded in 1898 that operated largely underground under tsarism and split into Bolshevik and Menshevik factions in 1903

Movement challenging women’s legal, economic, educational, and political subordination, including unequal property, marriage, employment, education, and voting rights

British legal doctrine under which a married woman’s independent legal identity and control of property were largely absorbed into those of her husband

British acts of 1870 and 1882 that gave married women increasing legal control over their earnings and property

French socialist feminist who argued in The Workers’ Union (1843) that working-class liberation required women’s emancipation and organization across trades

British feminist who publicized married women’s legal disabilities and organized for property rights, education, employment, and suffrage

British suffrage organization led by Millicent Garrett Fawcett that used constitutional methods such as petitions, meetings, publications, and lobbying

Militant British suffrage organization founded by Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst in 1903 under the slogan “Deeds, not words.”

Suffragist meant any women’s-suffrage advocate; suffragette commonly meant a militant British activist associated with disruption, property damage, and hunger strikes

British feminist leader and WSPU cofounder who defended militant suffrage tactics after concluding that peaceful campaigning had failed

Workplace laws limiting women’s hours or occupations that reduced some exploitation but could reinforce dependency and restrict women’s economic equality

Religiously inspired reform that used charity, moral campaigning, and voluntary organizations to aid the poor and oppose slavery, servitude, and other perceived evils

Movement providing working-class children with basic literacy, religious teaching, and moral instruction before compulsory public education became widespread

Temperance sought to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption; teetotalism was the temperance position demanding total abstinence

Evangelical organization founded by William and Catherine Booth in London in 1865 that combined preaching with practical aid in poor urban districts

Humanitarian movement using petitions, testimony, publications, meetings, and boycotts to end slavery and the slave trade

British act of 1833, effective in 1834, emancipating enslaved people in most of the empire, initially through an apprenticeship system ended by 1838

Liberal and humanitarian campaign against peasants’ inherited legal bondage, contributing to emancipation in the Habsburg lands in 1848 and Russia in 1861

Evangelical British feminist who led the campaign against compulsory examinations of suspected prostitutes and the sexual double standard in the Contagious Diseases Acts

British acts of 1864, 1866, and 1869 permitting detention and compulsory examination of women suspected of prostitution in military and naval districts; repealed in 1886

Organization founded in 1869 that used petitions, pamphlets, speaking tours, and electoral pressure to secure repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts

Marxist-influenced German workers’ party created by socialist unification in 1875, renamed the SPD in 1890, and the Reichstag’s largest party by 1912

British law allowing authorities to release hunger-striking suffragettes when seriously ill and rearrest them after recovery

Movement placing educated middle-class residents in poor neighborhoods to provide instruction and social services and investigate urban conditions, exemplified by Toynbee Hall