AP®︎ European History: Topic 2.6 Flashcards

Hierarchy of unequal social ranks—traditionally those who prayed, fought, and worked—regarded as parts of a divinely sanctioned order

Strengthening of landlords’ control over peasants in parts of central and eastern Europe as serfdom declined in much of western Europe

Membership that regulated entry into urban trades, protected masters from competition, and conferred civic standing while excluding many workers and women

Authorities aided respectable local people unable to work but treated mobile, able-bodied, or allegedly idle poor people as disorderly and subject to punishment

Patriarchal unit of production, consumption, welfare, discipline, and identity that could include relatives, servants, apprentices, boarders, and hired workers

Gendered division of household work in which men and women performed different essential tasks, while men retained greater legal authority, property rights, and prestige

Long-running intellectual dispute over women’s nature, abilities, education, virtues, and proper roles in family, church, and society

Cooperative effort by religious and political authorities to make conduct conform to officially approved beliefs and social norms

Calvinist body of ministers and lay elders that investigated residents’ religious knowledge, marriages, sexual behavior, and other misconduct

Collective recreation organized chiefly around the Christian religious calendar and agricultural cycle, including festivals, fairs, weddings, games, and harvest celebrations

Pre-Lenten communal festival featuring food, drink, masks, processions, sexual humor, mock ceremonies, and temporary inversions of ordinary hierarchy

Visible punishment intended to shame offenders, warn spectators, and restore communal order through practices such as stocks, whipping, or branding

Noisy communal shaming ritual directed at marriages or households believed to violate accepted sexual, marital, or gender norms

Supposed use of supernatural power to cause illness, crop failure, animal deaths, infertility, storms, or other harm

Elite theory that witches formed a satanic conspiracy, made pacts with the devil, attended secret sabbaths, and renounced Christianity

Heinrich Kramer’s 1486–1487 demonological work, spread through print, that portrayed witchcraft as a diabolical threat particularly associated with women

Prosecutions peaking about 1580–1650 that combined folk beliefs, demonology, social stress, confessional conflict, and enabling courts, producing roughly 40,000–60,000 executions

Protestants rejected clerical celibacy and made the married pastor’s household a model of Christian life, while Catholics reaffirmed clerical celibacy