AP®︎ European History: Topic 7.8 Flashcards

Officially favored art emphasizing technical finish, recognizable subjects, idealized beauty, and prestigious historical, religious, classical, or patriotic themes

Movement rejecting Neoclassical order and rationalism in favor of emotion, intuition, individuality, nature, the supernatural, and national history

Romantic experience of awe mixed with fear before nature or forces that appear vast, violent, mysterious, or beyond human control

Romantic precursor whose The Third of May 1808 used emotional immediacy and harsh contrasts to expose warfare's violence and suffering

Romantic painter whose solitary figures and mysterious landscapes, including Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, evoked sublime spiritual contemplation

Romantic painter who closely observed weather and light while presenting the English countryside as emotionally meaningful and harmonious

Romantic painter who dissolved forms into light, color, mist, and motion, making nature and industry appear sublime

Romantic painter whose Liberty Leading the People transformed the July Revolution into an emotional national myth through allegory and dramatic movement

German writer whose Faust explored intense striving and the creative but dangerous pursuit of knowledge and experience

British Romantic poet who found moral and spiritual meaning in nature and ordinary rural life, contrasting them with urban industrial society

British Romantic poet associated with rebellious, alienated heroes and support for national liberation, especially Greek independence

British Romantic poet who connected imagination and emotional expression with political liberation and social transformation

British Romantic poet concerned with beauty, mortality, imagination, and the intensity of sensory experience

Author of Frankenstein, which combined Gothic elements with questions about scientific ambition, isolation, creation, and moral responsibility

French author whose Les Misérables combined Romantic heroism and emotion with criticism of poverty, law, and social injustice

Composer who bridged Classical and Romantic music by transforming classical forms through dramatic contrasts, heroic intensity, and personal expression

Romantic piano composer whose use of Polish dances such as the polonaise and mazurka gave his music nationalist significance

Romantic composer who united music, drama, poetry, myth, and stage design in operas drawing on Germanic and Norse legends

Romantic composer known for emotional melody, dramatic contrasts, large orchestral expression, ballets, and historical works such as the 1812 Overture

Use of language, folklore, music, medieval history, and legend to portray a nation as an ancient and distinctive cultural community

Belief that reliable knowledge comes from empirical and scientific investigation rather than metaphysical speculation

Movement portraying contemporary ordinary life and material social conditions without heroic idealization, often highlighting poverty, labor, and inequality

Realist painter who gave ordinary labor and provincial life monumental treatment in works such as The Stone Breakers and A Burial at Ornans

Realist painter who dignified strenuous peasant labor while revealing rural poverty and class inequality, notably in The Gleaners

Realist artist and caricaturist who used paintings and mass-circulated prints to criticize corruption, bourgeois society, and urban inequality

Realist novelist whose Human Comedy portrayed French society as a system shaped by money, ambition, status, and social mobility

British novelist who used social observation, satire, sentiment, and serialized plots to expose industrial and urban problems

English novelist who examined provincial society and constraints imposed by family, gender, reputation, and moral choice

Russian Realist novelist who explored poverty, crime, religious doubt, alienation, and extreme psychological states

Russian Realist novelist who portrayed families, social classes, warfare, and moral conflict with broad scope and psychological depth

Intensified form of literary Realism portraying behavior as shaped by heredity, environment, economic conditions, and bodily drives

French writer who developed literary naturalism and examined workers, miners, sexuality, and urban life in a quasi-scientific manner

English novelist who portrayed rural communities disrupted by convention, economic change, environment, and forces beyond individual control

Umbrella term for movements that questioned conventional representation and emphasized subjective perception, expressive color and form, or abstraction

Modern movement using visible brushstrokes and broken color to capture fleeting effects of light, atmosphere, movement, and immediate perception

Leading Impressionist who used broken color and changing light to emphasize temporary perception in Impression, Sunrise and his later series

Impressionist associated with dancers, cafés, rehearsals, and racetracks, using cropped figures and unexpected viewpoints influenced by photography and Japanese prints

Painter who bridged academic traditions and Impressionism through unconventional paint handling and provocative modernization of older artistic subjects

1863 exhibition of works rejected by the official Paris Salon, marking the declining monopoly of academic artistic institutions

Diverse movement building on Impressionism while emphasizing durable structure, symbolism, emotional intensity, or personal organization of color and form

Post-Impressionist who reconstructed landscapes and still lifes through simplified planes and geometric relationships, helping prepare the way for Cubism

Post-Impressionist who used forceful brushstrokes and intensified, nonnaturalistic colors to express emotional and spiritual experience

Early-20th-century movement using intense, nonnaturalistic color as an independent means of expression rather than merely imitating appearances

Leading Fauvist who made bold, nonnaturalistic color an independent expressive element in works such as Woman with a Hat

Movement fragmenting subjects into geometric planes and combining multiple viewpoints, rejecting fixed Renaissance perspective and idealized representation

Co-developer of Cubism whose Les Demoiselles d’Avignon fractured bodies and space while rejecting idealized beauty and coherent classical perspective

French painter who co-developed Cubism with Picasso by fragmenting objects and space into geometric planes and multiple viewpoints