AP®︎ European History: Topic 8.4 Flashcards

1919 meeting at which the victorious Allies negotiated the post–World War I treaties while excluding the defeated powers and Bolshevik Russia

The principal Allied negotiators at Paris: Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, and Vittorio Orlando

U.S. president and Paris negotiator who promoted the Fourteen Points, self-determination, and a League of Nations

French leader at Paris who prioritized reparations, German disarmament, and lasting French security against Germany

British leader at Paris who supported reparations and imperial gains but opposed permanently crippling Germany’s economy

Italian leader at Paris who sought the territories promised to Italy for joining the Allies in World War I.

Wilson’s 1918 program for open diplomacy, freer trade and seas, arms reduction, self-determination, and a general association of nations

Wilson’s vision of a rules-based peace founded on self-determination, open diplomacy, collective security, and reconciliation

The principle that states should act together against aggression because an attack on one concerns all

Italian nationalist claim that Italy had sacrificed greatly in World War I but had been denied the full territorial rewards of victory

The 1919 treaty with Germany that imposed territorial losses, military restrictions, war liability, reparations, and the League Covenant

The 1919 treaty with Austria that recognized the Habsburg Empire’s breakup and prohibited an unapproved union with Germany

The 1920 treaty with Hungary that confirmed the loss of roughly two-thirds of the former kingdom’s territory and population

The 1919 treaty with Bulgaria that imposed territorial losses and reparations

The 1920 treaty proposing a severe partition of the Ottoman Empire, overturned by Turkish nationalist resistance

The 1923 treaty that replaced Sèvres and recognized the modern Turkish state

The principle that national groups should govern themselves, applied selectively and imperfectly in the postwar settlement

States formed or enlarged after the collapse of Europe’s empires; many began as democracies but faced minority disputes, weak economies, contested borders, and authoritarian challenges

Territory granted to Poland for Baltic access that separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany

Predominantly German Baltic city placed under League supervision rather than incorporated into Germany or Poland

German territory administered by the League for fifteen years while France controlled its coal production

German territory along the Rhine where Germany was forbidden to station troops or construct fortifications

Versailles provision assigning Germany and its allies responsibility for Allied war losses, providing the legal basis for reparations

Payments imposed for Allied war damage, fixed in 1921 at 132 billion gold marks and linked to German economic and political instability

German description of Versailles as a dictated peace imposed without meaningful German participation in negotiations

False nationalist claim that Germany’s undefeated army had been betrayed by socialists, democrats, and Jews at home

Germany’s postwar democratic government, weakened by association with defeat, Versailles, reparations, economic crises, and political extremism

French and Belgian seizure of Germany’s industrial Ruhr in 1923 after Germany fell behind on reparations deliveries

Collapse of the German currency accelerated when the government printed money to support passive resistance during the Ruhr occupation

International organization created to prevent war through collective security, but weakened by major-power absences, unanimity rules, and reliance on members for enforcement

Provision requiring League members to respect and preserve one another’s territorial integrity and political independence

League system placing former German and Ottoman territories under victorious powers, especially Britain and France, while presenting imperial rule as preparation for self-government

Former Ottoman territories judged comparatively close to independence but placed under foreign administration and League supervision

Post-Habsburg successor state uniting the Czech lands with Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia; relatively industrialized and democratic but divided by ethnic tensions

South Slav successor state dominated politically by Serbia and strained by ethnic, religious, and national divisions