AP®︎ European History: Unit 5 Flashcards

Distribution of power intended to prevent any one state from dominating Europe; at Vienna it meant containing but not destroying France and strengthening neighboring states

A system in which a monarch claims concentrated sovereign authority unrestricted by representative institutions, though still constrained in practice by laws, privileges, and local elites

The principle that government authority is defined and limited by fundamental laws and representative institutions

The principle that legitimate political authority originates with the people rather than a hereditary ruler

Policies intended to strengthen the state through bullion, favorable trade balances, protected manufacturing, colonial monopolies, tariffs, and navigation restrictions

The interconnected commercial system linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas through shipping, colonial commodities, manufactured goods, silver, and enslaved labor

English chartered trading company founded in 1600 that acquired military, fiscal, political, and territorial power in India, especially after establishing control in Bengal

Dutch chartered company founded in 1602 that used monopoly rights, forts, armed forces, and coercion to dominate much of the East Indies spice trade

The 1701–1714 conflict that prevented Louis XIV’s Bourbon dynasty from uniting the French and Spanish crowns and ended with a new European balance of power

The 1713 settlement ending the War of the Spanish Succession that gave Britain Gibraltar, Minorca, the asiento, and expanded access to Spanish American trade

The 1740–1748 conflict triggered by challenges to Maria Theresa’s inheritance in which Prussia seized Silesia and Britain and France fought for European and colonial advantage

The 1756 alliance reversal in which Britain joined Prussia while France allied with Austria and Russia against Prussia

The global Anglo-French conflict of 1756–1763, begun in North America in 1754, in which British naval and financial strength defeated France across Europe, North America, Africa, the Caribbean, and India

The global Anglo-French conflict begun in North America in 1754 and formally fought from 1756 to 1763, ending in decisive British victory

Robert Clive’s 1757 victory, aided by conspiracy and defections, that gave the British East India Company decisive influence and a powerful financial and territorial base in Bengal

British wartime leader who directed resources toward naval and colonial victories over France during the Seven Years’ War while subsidizing Prussia in Europe

Settlement ending the Seven Years’ War that gave Britain Canada and Florida and sharply reduced French political power in India

The British system of effective taxation, dependable public borrowing, funded debt, and permanent armed forces that mobilized extensive financial resources for sustained warfare

The colonial rebellion that became a global Anglo-French war after French intervention and ended with Britain losing the thirteen colonies

The settlement that ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized the independence of the United States

Pre-1789 French system of hereditary monarchy, legally privileged estates, regional differences, and an established Catholic Church

French king whose fiscal crisis led him to summon the Estates-General; his resistance and attempted flight discredited the monarchy, and he was executed in 1793

Austrian-born queen of Louis XVI whose lavish public image and foreign origins made her a symbol of court extravagance and hostility to the Revolution

The Old Regime’s legal division of French society into the privileged clergy and nobility and the Third Estate comprising the bourgeoisie, urban workers, artisans, and peasants

Property-owning merchants, lawyers, officeholders, and professionals who resented aristocratic privilege and restrictions on advancement

Feudal payments and obligations that peasants owed to noble landholders for land use, local monopolies, and inherited lordly rights

The monarchy’s inability to manage war debts or reform an inefficient, privilege-ridden tax system, contributing to the crisis of 1789

Meeting of leading nobles and clergy called in 1787 that rejected Calonne’s fiscal reforms and insisted that the Estates-General approve major taxation changes

Representative body of the three estates summoned by Louis XVI in May 1789 to address the monarchy’s fiscal crisis

Lists of grievances compiled before the Estates-General demanding reforms such as tax equality, representative government, and an end to arbitrary rule

French clergyman and political theorist whose pamphlet What Is the Third Estate? argued that the productive Third Estate constituted the sovereign nation

Abbé Sieyès’s pamphlet arguing that the productive Third Estate constituted the nation and should possess political sovereignty

Body proclaimed by Third Estate deputies on June 17, 1789, claiming authority to legislate and tax in the name of the French nation

June 20, 1789 pledge by National Assembly deputies not to separate until they had given France a constitution

Parisian seizure of a royal fortress and prison on July 14, 1789, symbolizing the defeat of arbitrary royal power through popular action

Summer 1789 rural panic in which peasants attacked manor houses and destroyed records of feudal obligations

August 1789 measures abolishing noble and clerical privileges and personal feudal obligations while making many remaining seigneurial dues redeemable

The August 1789 declaration proclaiming natural rights, legal equality, freedom of opinion and religion, national sovereignty, and law as the expression of the general will

October 1789 march led by market women that forced the royal family and National Assembly to relocate to Paris under popular pressure

1790 law making clergy salaried public officials, aligning dioceses with departments, providing for clerical elections, and requiring an oath to the state

Paper notes initially backed by confiscated church lands that depreciated and contributed to inflation when issued in large quantities

Constitution establishing a unicameral legislature, a king with executive power and a suspensive veto, and tax-qualified male voting

A political system in which a monarch exercises executive authority within limits established by a constitution and representative legislature

Under the Constitution of 1791, active male citizens met tax qualifications and could vote, while passive citizens held civil but not electoral rights

French revolutionary writer who demanded equal rights for women in the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and was executed in 1793

Olympe de Gouges’s 1791 declaration applying revolutionary equality to women and demanding political, legal, and property rights

Wollstonecraft’s 1792 argument that women’s apparent inferiority resulted from unequal education and that natural rights reasoning should include women

Louis XVI’s failed June 1791 attempt to flee Paris, which severely damaged confidence in his loyalty to the constitutional revolution

French nobles and other opponents of the Revolution who fled abroad and often encouraged foreign intervention to restore the monarchy and their privileges

Radical republican political club associated with centralized government, Robespierre, the Mountain, and emergency measures during the Terror

Urban artisans, shopkeepers, workers, and militants who demanded direct action, price controls, social equality, and harsh measures against counterrevolutionaries

The legislature created by the Constitution of 1791 that governed amid conflict with the king, economic unrest, political radicalization, and war until the monarchy fell in 1792

Conditional 1791 Austrian-Prussian statement supporting the French royal family that revolutionaries interpreted as a threat of foreign intervention

The 1792–1797 war in which revolutionary France fought a changing alliance of European monarchies seeking to contain or defeat the Revolution

September 1792 killings of more than a thousand prisoners by crowds fearing counterrevolution as foreign armies approached Paris

Assembly elected in 1792 that abolished the monarchy, proclaimed the French Republic, tried Louis XVI, and governed during the radical phase

The republican government proclaimed by the National Convention in September 1792 after the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy

January 21, 1793 execution of the former king for treason, decisively rejecting sacred hereditary monarchy and intensifying domestic and foreign conflict

Girondins distrusted Parisian pressure and favored less centralization; the Jacobin-associated Mountain favored more radical, centralized policies

Leading Jacobin and Committee of Public Safety member who defended terror as emergency justice necessary to preserve a virtuous republic

Central executive body created in 1793 to coordinate war, administration, and internal security during the radical republic

Western French rebellion driven by resistance to conscription, support for refractory priests and Catholicism, local hostility, and royalism

August 1793 mass mobilization that conscripted young men and assigned other citizens to support the war effort, linking military service to citizenship

The 1793–1794 use of exceptional courts, surveillance, mass arrests, and executions against people classified as enemies of the revolution

1793 law broadly defining people who could be arrested and detained as suspected enemies of the revolution

1793 law imposing ceilings on prices and wages to make necessities affordable during wartime scarcity

Radical campaign closing or repurposing churches, removing Christian symbols, pressuring clergy to resign, and promoting alternative civic cults

Robespierre’s ideal of a democratic republic sustained by civic morality, equality, patriotic participation, and terror against those considered enemies of virtue

Robespierre’s deistic civic religion, introduced in 1794 as an alternative to both Catholicism and militant atheism

Militant women’s political organization founded in 1793 and suppressed when the Convention banned women’s political clubs

Overthrow and execution of Robespierre in July 1794 followed by the weakening of Jacobin institutions, terror, and economic controls

The unstable five-director government of 1795–1799 that preserved legal equality and the abolition of feudal privilege but faced corruption, war, financial problems, and growing dependence on the army

Napoleon Bonaparte’s November 9, 1799 overthrow of the Directory and establishment of the Consulate, conventionally marking the end of the French Revolution

France’s wealthy sugar- and coffee-producing slave colony in western Hispaniola, where the Haitian Revolution began

The 1791–1804 revolt of enslaved and formerly enslaved people in Saint-Domingue that defeated France and created independent Haiti

Formerly enslaved political and military leader who defended emancipation, defeated foreign forces, and became the dominant leader of revolutionary Saint-Domingue

The 1804 creation of independent Haiti after formerly enslaved revolutionaries defeated Napoleon’s forces and abolished French colonial and slave rule

Burke’s 1790 critique warning that destroying inherited institutions in favor of abstract rights would produce disorder, violence, and tyranny

French general who overthrew the Directory, ruled as First Consul and emperor, preserved selected revolutionary reforms, built a continental empire, and was defeated in 1815

French regime established in 1799 that retained representative-looking institutions but placed real authority in Napoleon’s hands as First Consul

The dominant executive office of the Consulate, held by Napoleon from 1799 and used to concentrate effective political and administrative authority in his hands

Tightly managed popular votes used to approve decisions already made by Napoleon and claim national legitimacy for his rule

Agreement with Pope Pius VII that reconciled Catholics to the regime while preserving confiscated church lands and substantial state control over religion

Uniform secular civil code that confirmed legal equality for men, the abolition of feudal privilege, and protection of property while subordinating women and favoring employers over workers

Financial institution founded in 1800 to support government credit and monetary stability

State secondary schools established under Napoleon to provide disciplined education for future officers, officials, and loyal male elites

Centralized administration in which appointed prefects supervised local government, taxation, policing, public works, and national policy

Principle that government and military advancement should depend on ability, education, service, and loyalty rather than noble birth

Napoleon’s restriction of newspapers, books, theater, and political expression through state surveillance and licensing to suppress opposition and control public opinion

System of directly annexed territories, dependent satellite states, and coerced allies through which Napoleon dominated much of continental Europe and spread selected revolutionary reforms

Napoleon’s large multinational imperial army, organized into mobile corps and sustained through conscription, that conquered much of continental Europe before its destruction in Russia

Napoleon’s organization of armies into self-contained infantry, cavalry, artillery, and support formations able to move independently and rapidly concentrate for battle

British naval victory in 1805 that ended Napoleon’s immediate prospect of invading Britain and confirmed British superiority at sea

Napoleon’s decisive 1805 victory over Austrian and Russian armies, demonstrating his mastery of maneuver and concentrated force

Association of German states organized under Napoleon’s protection after the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved

Napoleon’s victories led to the Holy Roman Empire’s abolition in 1806 and a major reorganization of the German lands

Agreements concluded in 1807 after Napoleon defeated Russia that marked the height of his dominance over continental Europe

Napoleon’s attempted blockade of British goods from continental ports, which failed because of British trade, smuggling, and resistance and alienated European allies

War of 1808–1814 in which Spanish and Portuguese resistance, guerrillas, and British forces tied down French troops and weakened Napoleon

Irregular warfare in which small bands ambush enemy troops and supply lines and then disperse among the population

Spanish patriotic resistance to Napoleon’s occupation that united local communities around religion, monarchy, and defense of the homeland while fueling guerrilla war

The belief that German-speaking peoples shared a cultural and historical identity and should overcome political division or foreign domination through national unity

German idealist philosopher whose Addresses to the German Nation called for cultural and educational renewal and helped inspire German nationalism during French occupation

Post-1806 measures that ended serfdom, reorganized administration and education, opened military and civil advancement, and modernized Prussia after defeat by Napoleon

Napoleon’s disastrous invasion of Russia, in which scorched earth, supply failures, disease, combat, desertion, and cold destroyed most of his army

Russian strategy of retreating while removing or destroying food, fodder, and supplies that Napoleon’s invading army could use

Major coalition victory over Napoleon in October 1813 that caused French control of Germany to collapse

Napoleon was exiled to nearby Elba in 1814 and escaped, but after Waterloo he was sent to remote Saint Helena, where he died in 1821

Napoleon’s brief return to power in 1815 after escaping Elba, ending with his defeat at Waterloo and second abdication

Napoleon’s decisive defeat on June 18, 1815 by Wellington’s Anglo-allied army and arriving Prussian forces under Blücher

1814–1815 diplomatic settlement that restored legitimate dynasties where practical, contained France, reestablished a balance of power, and sought to restrain liberalism and nationalism after Napoleon’s defeat

Austrian foreign minister and leading architect of the Vienna settlement who defended monarchy and opposed liberalism and nationalism as threats to Austria and European stability

Vienna principle of restoring lawful hereditary dynasties displaced by revolution or Napoleon, applied selectively when compatible with strategic interests

Vienna principle of rewarding victorious powers, usually with territory, for wartime sacrifices or lands surrendered elsewhere

The post-1815 European system defending hereditary monarchy, established religion, social hierarchy, and the Vienna settlement against liberalism, nationalism, and revolution

Post-Vienna system of great-power conferences and collective diplomacy intended to manage disputes and preserve the European settlement

1815 alliance of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia to guard against renewed French aggression, uphold the Vienna settlement, and continue consultation

Alliance proposed by Tsar Alexander I and joined by Russia, Austria, and Prussia, symbolically linking Christian monarchical solidarity with opposition to revolution

Loose association of 39 German states created at Vienna under Austrian presidency, without a strong central government or German national unity

Buffer state created by uniting the Dutch Republic with the former Austrian Netherlands; its southern provinces broke away as Belgium in 1830

Enlightenment thinker and Romantic forerunner who questioned civilization and reason alone, emphasizing natural goodness, conscience, sympathy, authenticity, and emotion

Late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century movement that challenged Enlightenment rationalism by emphasizing emotion, imagination, intuition, spirituality, nature, individual experience, and historical particularity

A Romantic experience of attraction, awe, and fear before something so vast, powerful, or magnificent that it reveals human limitation

German “Storm and Stress” movement of the 1770s emphasizing emotional force, individual genius, and rebellion against social and artistic conventions

The distinctive folk spirit of a nation expressed through its language, history, customs, songs, folklore, and shared cultural memory

German thinker who argued that each people possessed a unique Volksgeist expressed in its language, folklore, customs, and historical development

German writer associated with Sturm und Drang and Romanticism whose novel The Sorrows of Young Werther made the emotional, alienated individual a European cultural model

British Romantic poet who used ordinary language, rural subjects, memory, and encounters with nature as material for serious poetry

German Romantic painter who depicted solitary figures confronting immense landscapes to evoke spirituality, introspection, nature, and the sublime

Composer bridging the Classical and Romantic eras who expanded music's scale and emotional range and elevated the composer as an independent creative genius

Renewal of religion emphasizing heartfelt conversion, personal faith, conscience, spiritual experience, and moral community over formal routine or purely rational theology

Eighteenth-century British revival movement emphasizing personal conversion, assurance of salvation, emotional preaching, small-group discipline, lay participation, and outreach to poor and working people

Anglican clergyman who helped found Methodism and promoted experienced faith, itinerant preaching, disciplined fellowship, and personal moral improvement

Political participation by broad populations through crowds, petitions, demonstrations, clubs, print culture, and military mobilization

Belief that a people sharing a language, culture, history, or identity constitute a nation entitled to political unity or self-government