AP®︎ European History: Topic 8.10 Flashcards

Critic of Christian morality and universal truth whose claim that “God is dead” warned that declining religious authority could produce nihilism

The belief that life has no objective meaning, moral purpose, or universally valid values

Freud’s theory and method holding that unconscious desires and conflicts shape behavior, investigated through dream interpretation and free association

The model of an orderly, measurable universe governed by universal laws that made physical behavior appear predictable

The 1900 proposal that energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete quantities rather than in a wholly continuous flow

The 1905 theory that space and time measurements depend on relative motion, the speed of light is constant, and mass and energy are linked by E = mc².

Einstein’s 1915 theory explaining gravity as the curvature of space-time

Modern physics describing matter and energy at atomic scales through quantized and often probabilistic relationships rather than complete classical predictability

The 1913 atomic model that applied quantum ideas to the behavior of electrons

A formulation of quantum mechanics using a wave function to describe the probable behavior of particles

The 1927 principle that properties such as a particle’s position and momentum cannot both be known with unlimited precision

Nuclear physicist who directed the team that achieved the first controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in 1942

The U.S.-led wartime program that combined science, industry, state funding, and military organization to build atomic bombs

A broad cultural movement that rejected or radically revised inherited conventions through fragmentation, abstraction, shifting perspective, and experimentation

Modernist art that distorted color, shape, and perspective to communicate emotion, anxiety, or subjective experience

Modernist art that fragmented objects into geometric forms and presented multiple viewpoints within one composition

Modernist art using color and form while moving partly or entirely away from recognizable objects and realistic representation

Modernist movement celebrating speed, machinery, youth, violence, and the dynamism of industrial society

World War I-era anti-art movement that used absurdity, chance, collage, and provocation to reject a supposedly rational culture that had produced mechanized slaughter

Postwar movement influenced by Freud that used dreams, unconscious desires, and irrational combinations of images to bypass conscious logic

Architecture favoring practical use, simple geometric forms, and modern materials over historical ornament

German school founded by Walter Gropius in 1919 that united architecture, fine art, design, and industrial production

Picasso’s 1907 painting of fractured figures and multiple perspectives that marked a prewar break with naturalism and conventional beauty

Picasso’s 1937 black, white, and gray painting using fractured figures to express civilian terror after the German and Italian bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War

Literature that disrupted chronology and stable narration through fragmented allusions, shifting viewpoints, linguistic experimentation, and attention to inner consciousness

A literary technique representing memories, sensations, impressions, and associations as they flow through a character’s mind

The generation traumatized or disillusioned by World War I, especially writers who portrayed postwar alienation, cynicism, and purposelessness

The Nazi label for modernist and experimental art condemned as racially corrupt, culturally disordered, or politically subversive

Soviet-mandated art portraying idealized workers, peasants, and party leaders in accessible, heroic forms supporting communist ideology

Ordinary manufactured objects selected and presented as art to challenge conventional standards of beauty, craftsmanship, and artistic authority

Duchamp’s 1917 readymade urinal, submitted as “R. Mutt,” that challenged who had the authority to define an object as art

Women entered war production, administration, nursing, civil defense, resistance, and auxiliary service, challenging traditional gender roles and strengthening demands for political rights without achieving full equality

Wartime sacrifice and mass mobilization widened suffrage and political participation, weakened some class and monarchical hierarchies, and strengthened labor and mass parties, though these gains were incomplete and reversible