AP®︎ European History: Topic 7.7 Flashcards

Broad uprising against East India Company rule sparked by cartridge rumors and deeper political, economic, military, and religious grievances; its defeat ended company government

Direct British Crown rule over India established after the Indian Rebellion and the end of East India Company government in 1858

King Cetshwayo’s Zulu Kingdom defeated the British at Isandlwana in 1879 but was later conquered and broken apart by reinforced British forces

Anti-foreign uprising in China from 1899 to 1901 that was suppressed by an international alliance; the resulting Boxer Protocol deepened China’s foreign subordination

Ethiopian victory over Italy in 1896 under Menelik II that preserved Ethiopian independence during the European partition of Africa

Western-educated political organization founded in 1885 that used petitions, meetings, and reform demands to develop organized Indian nationalism

Indian nationalist argument that colonial salaries, profits, debts, military costs, and trade arrangements transferred wealth from India to Britain

Formal restoration of imperial rule in Japan in 1868 followed by state-led military, educational, political, and industrial modernization that preserved independence and helped make Japan an imperial power

1884–1885 meeting that set rules for European claims in Africa, promoted effective occupation, and recognized Leopold II’s Congo Free State without African participation

Berlin Conference principle that a European territorial claim in Africa required the exercise of actual authority there

Leopold II’s personal possession in central Africa, notorious for violent forced labor in rubber production before Belgium annexed it in 1908

1898 confrontation between British and French forces in Sudan; France withdrew, and the settlement later encouraged Anglo-French reconciliation

Germany’s 1905–1906 challenge to French influence in Morocco that ended with France strengthened, Britain supporting France, and Germany largely isolated

1911 crisis caused by Germany sending the gunboat Panther to Agadir; Germany accepted compensation while France established a Moroccan protectorate

Paternalistic claim that imperial powers had a duty to spread European civilization, Christianity, education, and government to colonized peoples

Nationalist pressure group founded in 1891 that promoted German colonial expansion, naval power, and an aggressive world policy

International humanitarian campaign founded in 1904 that publicized forced labor and atrocities in the Congo and helped pressure Belgium to take control

European portrayal of North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia as exotic, sensual, irrational, and timeless in contrast to a supposedly modern Europe

European artistic use of forms associated with non-European cultures, often shaped by assumptions that those cultures were undeveloped or instinctive

European fashion for Japanese art, especially woodblock prints, that influenced composition, color, and perspective

1902 liberal critique arguing that unequal wealth distribution led investors to promote imperial expansion for narrow profits at public expense

Marxist argument that monopolies and finance capital drove states to divide and redivide the world, making conflict among imperial powers increasingly likely

1899 poem portraying imperial rule as a civilizing duty of allegedly advanced peoples toward supposedly dependent and uncivilized peoples

1899 novella depicting the greed, brutality, and moral corruption concealed behind European claims to bring civilization to the Congo