AP®︎ European History: Topic 9.10 Flashcards

Strategy of beginning integration in useful, limited fields so successful cooperation creates pressure for wider economic and political integration

Robert Schuman’s 1950 proposal to place French and West German coal and steel under a common European authority to promote recovery and prevent war

The 1951 treaty that created the European Coal and Steel Community

Six-state community operating from 1952 that created a common coal-and-steel market to aid recovery, bind West Germany to Western Europe, and make war less likely

The 1957 treaties that created the European Economic Community and Euratom, effective in 1958

Organization created by the Treaties of Rome to remove trade barriers, form a customs union, and integrate the economies of its members

A free-trade area removes internal tariffs; a customs union also imposes a common external tariff on imports from nonmembers

The free movement of goods, services, capital, and workers within the European single market

European policy using shared financing, price supports, and protections to support farmers and food security, while provoking disputes over costs and subsidies

Expansion from a six-state western core into northern, southern, and postcommunist eastern Europe, extending the single market and encouraging democratic and legal reforms

Treaty signed in 1986 and effective in 1987 that sought to complete the internal market and expanded common European decision-making

Treaty signed in 1992 and effective in 1993 that created the EU, introduced EU citizenship, and set a path toward economic and monetary union

Economic and political union established in 1993 through which sovereign European states share institutions, laws, markets, and selected powers

Treaty signed in 2007 and effective in 2009 that reformed EU institutions after enlargement and strengthened the European Parliament

EU executive and administrative body that proposes legislation, administers programs, and monitors compliance with EU law

Directly elected EU institution that represents citizens and shares legislative, budgetary, and supervisory powers

Institution representing member-state governments whose relevant national ministers adopt legislation jointly with the European Parliament

Body of member states’ heads of state or government that sets the EU’s broad political direction and priorities but normally does not legislate

Court that interprets EU law, ensures its uniform application, and upholds its precedence in fields granted to the union

Independent institution that manages the euro and sets monetary policy for the euro area

Integrated economic area combining free movement and common rules to reduce tariffs, customs delays, regulatory barriers, and restrictions on labor and capital

Common currency launched electronically in 1999 and as notes and coins in 2002, reducing exchange costs while ending participating states’ independent monetary policies

The group of EU countries using the euro; it does not include every EU member

Post-2009 crisis in which indebted euro states, especially Greece, received assistance tied to austerity, exposing the gap between shared currency and national budgets

Right of EU citizens, under common rules, to live, work, and study in other member states

System initiated by the 1985 agreement that removed internal passport and border checks among participating countries; its membership is not identical to the EU’s

Citizenship added to national citizenship by Maastricht, including rights to move and reside in the EU and vote in European and certain local elections

A shared, layered identity encouraged by EU rights, institutions, symbols, travel, and exchange programs that coexists with national identities

Authority exercised by institutions above the national level whose decisions can bind participating member states

Member states’ joint exercise of selected powers through EU institutions to gain greater collective influence while accepting limits on independent action

Principle that decisions should be made as close to citizens as practical and handled by the EU only when member states cannot achieve the objective sufficiently alone

Britain’s withdrawal from the EU after the 2016 referendum, completed in 2020, which restored some autonomy but created new barriers and reduced influence over EU decisions