AP®︎ European History: Topic 1.8 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 1.8 of AP European History – Colonial Expansion and Columbian Exchange to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Portuguese Commercial Network

Definition

Late-15th- and 16th-century network linking Portugal to coastal Africa, the Indian Ocean, South and East Asia, and Brazil through ports, sea routes, trade, and colonies

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Portuguese Commercial Network
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Late-15th- and 16th-century network linking Portugal to coastal Africa, the Indian Ocean, South and East Asia, and Brazil through ports, sea routes, trade, and colonies

Unit 1: Learning Objective JKC-1.3.III.A
Trading-Post Empire
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An empire based on controlling strategic ports and sea lanes rather than extensive inland territory, as in Portugal’s African and Asian possessions

Unit 1: Learning Objective JKC-1.3.III.A
Feitorias (Fortified Trading Factories)
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Portuguese fortified trading posts that functioned as warehouses, customs stations, diplomatic centers, and defensive positions

Unit 1: Learning Objective JKC-1.3.III.A
Cartaz System
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Portuguese system requiring many ships in Portuguese-controlled Indian Ocean waters to purchase passes, though enforcement remained incomplete

Unit 1: Learning Objective JKC-1.3.III.A
Shift from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic
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Gradual relative movement of European wealth and commercial importance toward Atlantic and North Sea states and ports as overseas trade expanded

Unit 1: Learning Objective JKC-1.3.IV.A
Columbian Exchange
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Large-scale transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and cultural practices between the Americas and Europe, Africa, and Asia after 1492

Unit 1: Learning Objective KKC-1.3.IV.ii
Indigenous American Demographic Catastrophe
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Massive post-contact population decline caused by disease, warfare, famine, forced labor, displacement, and falling birth rates, which facilitated European conquest

Unit 1: Learning Objective KKC-1.3.IV.B.ii
Encomienda
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Spanish colonial system granting colonists claims to Indigenous tribute and labor in return for supposed protection and Christianization, often resulting in coercion and abuse

Unit 1: Learning Objective KKC-1.3.IV.ii
Expansion of the Atlantic Trade in Enslaved Africans
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Colonial labor demand, especially on sugar plantations after Indigenous population collapse, increased the forced transport of enslaved Africans to the Americas and tied slavery to European commercial profit

Unit 1: Learning Objective JKC-1.3.IV.i
Shift Toward European Global Dominance
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Gradual, uneven growth of European control over global trade routes, resources, and markets—strongest in the Americas and more limited to coastal positions in Africa and Asia

Unit 1: Learning Objective JKC-1.3.IV.i