AP®︎ European History: Topic 1.7 Flashcards

1494 agreement dividing overseas claims between Spain west of a north-south line and Portugal east of it, placing Brazil in Portugal’s zone

Territorial empire across the Americas, Caribbean, and Philippines whose silver and trade helped make Spain Europe’s dominant 16th-century monarchy

Spanish Pacific trade linking American silver through Manila in the Philippines to Asian markets

Maritime network of fortified ports, trading posts, and naval routes in Africa, Brazil, and the Indian Ocean rather than a primarily territorial Asian empire

Empire based on trade, forts, missions, and indigenous alliances in North America plus profitable plantation colonies in the Caribbean

Settler and plantation colonies supported by private enterprise, privateering, merchant shipping, and growing naval power in North America and the Caribbean

Maritime empire built through merchant fleets and armed chartered companies that challenged Portuguese trade in Asia and competed in the Atlantic

A privately owned armed ship, or its activity, authorized by a government to seize enemy ships and cargo

Privately financed companies granted monopolies and public powers by governments, including authority to negotiate, build forts, maintain armies, and wage war

Dutch chartered company founded in 1602 that traded, negotiated treaties, built forts, maintained armed forces, and waged war in Asia

Dutch chartered company founded in 1621 to conduct trade and imperial operations in the Atlantic

Laws reserving English colonial trade for English ships and merchants, intensifying commercial rivalry with the Dutch

Three wars from 1652 to 1674 over shipping, markets, and maritime power that helped England surpass the Dutch as a naval and colonial power

Spanish Crown contract authorizing a person, company, or foreign power to supply enslaved Africans to Spanish America and gain controlled access to its markets

1701–1713 war over Philip of Anjou’s inheritance of Spain that prevented a French-Spanish union and shifted strategic and commercial advantages to Britain

1713 settlement that kept Philip V on Spain’s throne but barred union with France and awarded Britain Gibraltar, North American territories, and the asiento

1756–1763 global war in which Britain defeated France overseas and emerged as the leading European naval and colonial power

Settlement ending the Seven Years’ War’s colonial struggle that gave Britain Canada, Florida, and dominance in India, making it the leading naval and colonial power

North American theater of the Seven Years’ War, begun in 1754 as Britain and France competed for the Ohio Valley with indigenous allies