AP®︎ European History: Topic 3.5 Flashcards

Seventeenth-century period, especially c. 1600–1672, when the Dutch Republic became a leading commercial, financial, maritime, artistic, and intellectual power

Decentralized republic created by seven northern provinces after their Protestant revolt against Spanish Habsburg rule

Habsburg ruler whose efforts to centralize administration, raise revenue, and enforce Catholic orthodoxy provoked resistance in the Netherlands

The 1566 Calvinist attacks on religious images in Catholic churches that prompted severe Spanish repression

Spanish commander sent by Philip II to suppress the Netherlands, impose taxes, and punish rebels through the Council of Troubles

Tribunal established by the Duke of Alba to prosecute and execute opponents of Spanish rule after the Iconoclastic Fury

Noble who became the principal political leader of the Dutch revolt and promoted provincial cooperation against Spanish rule

The 1568–1648 rebellion in which the northern Netherlands resisted Spanish Habsburg rule and established an independent republic

Spain’s 1585 capture of Antwerp, which accelerated north-south division and drove skilled Protestant migrants and capital toward Amsterdam

The 1579 alliance of seven northern provinces for common defense while preserving substantial provincial autonomy

The 1581 declaration by which the rebel provinces rejected Philip II for violating their customary rights

The 1648 settlement, incorporated into the Peace of Westphalia, that formally recognized Dutch independence from Spain

Representative assemblies of nobles, towns, and rural districts that governed individual provinces and retained substantial sovereignty

Central assembly of provincial delegates responsible chiefly for foreign policy, common defense, and matters affecting the entire Dutch union

Rule by a small group of urban regents, merchant gentry, nobles, and rural landholders rather than by a monarch or the entire population

Provincial executive and military office, usually held by the House of Orange; stadholders often commanded armies and exercised patronage but were not sovereign kings

Holland’s leading civil official, influential in the States General and foreign affairs because Holland supplied much of the Republic’s wealth

Orangists favored stronger stadholder leadership, while the States Party defended provincial sovereignty and government by republican regents

Dutch Baltic trade in grain, timber, naval stores, and other bulk goods that formed the foundation of Dutch commercial wealth

Dutch cargo ship with a broad hold and small crew that lowered shipping costs and strengthened Dutch commercial competitiveness

Commercial center where goods from many regions were stored, financed, processed, exchanged, and reexported

Low-lying land enclosed by dikes and drained for cultivation or settlement

Bank founded in 1609 that accepted deposits and enabled reliable transfers using stable bank money for international trade

Joint-stock company founded in 1602 with an Asian trade monopoly and powers to govern territory, negotiate treaties, maintain armies, and wage war

Company chartered in 1621 for Atlantic trade, privateering, colonization, and trafficking enslaved Africans

Privileged Calvinist public church of the Dutch Republic, although other religious communities were often permitted limited private worship

Practical but limited acceptance of Catholics, Mennonites, Lutherans, Jews, Huguenots, and others without complete religious or political equality

Socially exclusive families of merchants, financiers, lawyers, and urban landowners whose wealth and control of municipal offices made them the Republic’s urban governing elite