AP®︎ European History: Topic 7.3 Flashcards

Post-1815 system of Great Power consultation that defended the Vienna settlement until conflict among its members weakened it

1853–1856 war in which Britain, France, and Piedmont-Sardinia aided the Ottoman Empire against Russia, weakening the Concert of Europe and isolating Austria

The nineteenth-century movement for Italian national unification, meaning Italy's resurgence or rebirth

Italian republican nationalist who promoted unification through popular revolution and helped spread nationalism through Young Italy

Mazzini's republican nationalist movement advocating a united Italy created through popular revolution

Constitutional northwestern Italian kingdom that led unification under Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour

King of Piedmont-Sardinia who became the first king of a united Italy in 1861

Piedmontese prime minister who used modernization, diplomacy, French support, limited war, and plebiscites to unify northern and central Italy

Secret 1858 understanding that France would aid Piedmont if Austria appeared to be the aggressor and expected Nice and Savoy in return

Popular republican soldier whose volunteer campaign conquered Sicily and Naples before he transferred them to Victor Emmanuel II.

Garibaldi's 1860 Red Shirt campaign that conquered Sicily and Naples and overthrew the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Unified Italian state proclaimed in 1861 under Victor Emmanuel II, later gaining Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1870

Loose association of 39 German states dominated by Austria before Prussia dissolved it in 1866

Prussian-led customs union that removed trade barriers among most German states while excluding Austria

Liberal elected assembly of 1848–1849 whose attempt to unify Germany failed after Frederick William IV rejected its imperial crown

Kleindeutsch unified Germany under Prussia without Austria, while the large German alternative would have included Habsburg German lands

Prussian king who appointed Bismarck, backed army reform, and became German emperor in 1871

Prussian minister-president who unified Germany through Realpolitik, diplomatic isolation of opponents, warfare, and controlled representative institutions

Politics based on practical calculations of power and national interest rather than consistent ideological principles

Bismarck's 1862 declaration that major political questions would be settled through power rather than speeches and parliamentary votes alone

War conducted with railroads, modern weapons, telegraphs, mass production, detailed planning, and an industrial state's resources

Bismarck's practice of bypassing or constraining parliament while using elections, suffrage, and nationalism to legitimate conservative rule

1864 war in which Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark and took Schleswig and Holstein, creating a future dispute between the victors

1866 conflict ending in decisive Prussian victory, Austria's exclusion from German affairs, and creation of the North German Confederation

Prussian-dominated federation formed in 1867 with an elected Reichstag but executive and military power controlled by the Prussian monarchy

Measure granting retroactive parliamentary approval to Bismarck's unauthorized military spending after Prussia's victory in 1866

Bismarck's edited publication of Wilhelm I's exchange with a French ambassador, which inflamed opinion and helped provoke France into war

1870–1871 war in which the German states defeated France, united under Prussia, and proclaimed the German Empire

Prussian-dominated German state proclaimed at Versailles in 1871 with Wilhelm I as Kaiser

1871 peace requiring France to pay an indemnity and cede Alsace and part of Lorraine to Germany

French desire to avenge defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and recover Alsace-Lorraine

Post-1871 network designed to isolate France, preserve ties with Austria-Hungary and Russia, and prevent a coalition or two-front war against Germany

1873 agreement among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia intended to coordinate the conservative empires and deny France an ally

1877–1878 Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire that produced the disputed Treaty of San Stefano and a major Balkan crisis

1878 Russian-imposed settlement creating a large Bulgaria under strong Russian influence, alarming Austria-Hungary and Britain

1878 conference that reduced Bulgaria, recognized Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro, and allowed Austria-Hungary to administer Bosnia-Herzegovina

1879 defensive alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary directed principally against Russia

Alliance formed in 1882 among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, although Italy remained an uncertain partner

Secret 1887 agreement promising German-Russian neutrality in most wars and preserving cooperation despite Germany's alliance with Austria-Hungary

Wilhelm II's removal of Bismarck in 1890, followed by the lapse of the Reinsurance Treaty and the weakening of his flexible alliance system

Military alliance developed from 1891 to 1894 that ended France's isolation and confronted Germany with a possible two-front war

1904 Anglo-French understanding that settled imperial disputes and drew Britain closer to France

1907 agreement resolving major imperial disputes between Britain and Russia and completing the powers associated with the Triple Entente

Prewar diplomatic grouping linking France, Russia, and Britain through the Franco-Russian Alliance and Anglo-French and Anglo-Russian understandings

The diplomatic problem of what would happen to Ottoman territories as Ottoman power declined

Movement promoting solidarity among Slavic peoples, used by Russia to support influence among Orthodox Slavs in the Balkans

Movement, increasingly led by Serbia, seeking to unite South Slavs including those living within Austria-Hungary

1908–1909 crisis caused by Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, which angered Serbia and forced Russia to retreat under German pressure

Alliance of Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro that attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1912

1912–1913 war in which the Balkan League drove the Ottoman Empire from nearly all its remaining European territory and strengthened Serbia

1913 war in which Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece but was defeated, leaving Serbia larger and more closely aligned with Russia

Settlement creating the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, with separate Austrian and Hungarian domestic governments but a shared monarch, foreign policy, and defense