AP®︎ European History: Topic 2.2 Flashcards

The buying or selling of church offices, a clerical abuse criticized by reformers

The holding of multiple church offices at the same time, often to collect their incomes

The practice of church officeholders collecting income without residing in or serving their dioceses or parishes

The use of church authority or offices to benefit relatives

Northern Renaissance movement that used original Christian sources and language study to criticize superstition, clerical ignorance, and empty ritual while generally seeking reform within Catholicism

A church-granted remission of temporal punishment remaining after the guilt of sin had been forgiven

Dominican preacher whose dramatic promotion of an indulgence campaign near Wittenberg provoked Luther’s criticism

Pope who authorized the indulgence campaign connected to St. Peter’s Basilica and later excommunicated Luther

German reformer whose attack on indulgences developed into Lutheran doctrines of faith alone, scripture alone, and the priesthood of all believers

Luther’s 1517 propositions challenging indulgence preaching, false spiritual security, and claims of papal authority over purgatory

The 1519 debate in which Johann Eck pushed Luther toward openly asserting that popes and church councils could err

Luther’s 1520 appeal for secular German rulers to undertake church reform

Luther’s 1520 attack on the Catholic sacramental system

Luther’s 1520 explanation that faith spiritually frees Christians while leading them to serve others in love

The 1520 papal bull threatening Luther with excommunication unless he recanted; Luther publicly burned it

The 1521 imperial assembly where Luther refused to retract his writings unless disproved by scripture or clear reasoning

Charles V’s 1521 decree declaring Luther an outlaw and prohibiting his writings

Holy Roman emperor who condemned Luther at Worms but could not enforce religious uniformity across the decentralized empire

Elector of Saxony who protected Luther after the Diet of Worms by concealing him at Wartburg Castle

Luther’s doctrine that people are counted righteous through faith in Christ as a gift of grace, not through the merit of good works

Luther’s doctrine that the Bible is the final authority in matters necessary for salvation, above popes, councils, and unsupported traditions

The doctrine that all baptized Christians have direct spiritual access to God and that ordained priests possess no higher spiritual status

Catholic doctrine that the Eucharistic bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ

Lutheran teaching that Christ’s body and blood are truly present with the bread and wine in the Eucharist without the Catholic explanation of transubstantiation

Protestant tradition based on Luther’s teachings of faith alone, scripture as final authority, two sacraments, and the priesthood of all believers

The 1529 protest by Lutheran princes and cities against imperial restrictions on religious reform, giving rise to the name Protestant

The diverse Western Christian movements that rejected papal authority and adopted reformed doctrines and worship

Luther’s Wittenberg colleague who systematized Lutheran theology and presented the Augsburg Confession

The 1530 statement of Lutheran belief presented by Philip Melanchthon and adopted as Lutheranism’s foundational confession

The 1524–1525 uprising in which German peasants combined social and economic grievances with appeals to scripture and Christian freedom

The peasants’ 1525 program demanding reforms such as chosen pastors, reduced dues, restored common rights, and an end to unjustified serfdom

Luther’s 1525 work condemning the violent peasant rebellion and urging princes to suppress it

French Protestant reformer who emphasized divine sovereignty, predestination, disciplined conduct, and biblically organized churches

Calvin’s systematic presentation of Protestant theology, first published in 1536 and expanded in later editions

Protestant tradition emphasizing scripture, God’s sovereignty, predestination, disciplined conduct, and structured church governance

Calvinist doctrine that God has eternally determined who will be saved and that human actions cannot earn or alter election

The Calvinist idea that ordinary work is a God-given calling to be pursued through disciplined and responsible service

Prosperity and accumulated wealth could be viewed as possible signs of divine favor and rewards associated with disciplined labor, but not as causes or guarantees of salvation

Disciplined Christian community where ministers and civic magistrates regulated conduct and trained ministers who carried Reformed Protestantism elsewhere

Geneva’s body of ministers and lay elders that investigated conduct and enforced Calvinist moral discipline

Radical reformers who rejected infant baptism for believers’ baptism; many also advocated voluntary churches, separation from secular government, pacifism, and strict discipline

Baptism administered to adults who consciously profess faith and voluntarily join the Christian community

Magisterial reformers such as Luther and Calvin worked with governments, while radical reformers formed voluntary communities outside state-controlled churches

The violent Anabaptist apocalyptic regime of 1534–1535, an exceptional episode unlike the generally pacifist Anabaptist tradition

Anabaptist leader who organized nonviolent communities after Münster; his followers became known as Mennonites