AP®︎ European History: Topic 2.3 Flashcards

A Bible translated from Latin, Greek, or Hebrew into a commonly spoken language, widening lay access to scripture and spreading Protestant teaching

A question-and-answer summary of religious beliefs used to standardize doctrine and instruct clergy, families, schools, and congregations

A formal statement defining a church’s doctrines and distinguishing its beliefs from those of competing confessions

The division of Protestantism into movements that disagreed over doctrine, worship, church government, and relations with secular authority

Magisterial reformers worked with civil rulers to reform public religion, while radical reformers often rejected the union of church and state

French Protestant reformer who systematized Reformed theology and helped establish an autonomous, disciplined church in Geneva

Calvin’s systematic account of Protestant theology, first published in 1536 and expanded in later editions

International Protestant tradition emphasizing God’s sovereignty, predestination, disciplined conduct, and an independently governed church

Self-governing city republic that became Calvinism’s institutional center, training ministers, sheltering exiles, and printing Reformed works

Geneva’s 1541 rules organizing the Reformed church around pastors, teachers, deacons, elders, and the Consistory

Geneva’s body of pastors and lay elders that supervised conduct, admonished offenders, and could exclude them from communion

The principle that a church governs its own doctrine, sacraments, membership, and discipline rather than serving merely as a branch of the state

The argument that subordinate officials or representative bodies could resist a lawbreaking tyrant who persecuted true religion

Radical Protestants who rejected infant baptism and commonly favored voluntary congregations outside state-enforced religion

Baptism of people who consciously profess faith, based on the Anabaptist rejection of infant baptism as invalid

A congregation composed of committed believers who freely profess faith rather than everyone born within a state or territory

Peaceful Anabaptist communities consolidated by Menno Simons that emphasized voluntary faith and nonviolence

French Calvinists whose independent churches and demands for protected worship challenged the Catholic monarchy’s religious authority

English Calvinist-influenced Protestants who sought to remove remaining Catholic features from the monarch-controlled Church of England

Church government by assemblies of ministers and elected elders rather than by bishops appointed under royal authority

Radical Puritans who considered the Church of England too corrupt to reform and formed independent congregations outside it

Decentralized, religiously diverse elective monarchy in which powerful nobles used representative institutions to limit royal religious control

The privileged Polish-Lithuanian nobility whose political power and representative institutions limited the elective monarch

The 1573 agreement pledging religious peace among Poland-Lithuania’s nobility and protecting noble religious practice

The 1534 law that made Henry VIII supreme head of the Church of England, replacing papal supremacy with royal control