AP®︎ European History: Topic 8.3 Flashcards

Russia’s last tsar, whose resistance to constitutional rule and association with World War I failures led to his abdication in March 1917 and the collapse of the Romanov monarchy

Uprising of workers, peasants, and soldiers that forced Nicholas II to promise civil liberties and a Duma but failed to end tsarist autocracy

The 1905 firing by tsarist troops on peaceful demonstrators in St. Petersburg, which helped provoke strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies

Nicholas II’s 1905 promise of civil liberties and an elected Duma, concessions later undermined by his continued autocratic authority

Russia’s elected legislature after 1905, limited by the tsar’s power to control ministers, alter elections, and dissolve it

Laws affirming Nicholas II’s autocratic authority despite the constitutional promises of the October Manifesto

Councils claiming to represent workers, soldiers, or peasants directly, first formed in 1905 and revived as centers of revolutionary power in 1917

Russian socialist movement supported largely by peasants that emphasized land redistribution and later won the largest share of the Constituent Assembly vote

Lenin’s disciplined revolutionary Marxist faction, which used support in key soviets to seize power in October 1917 and establish a communist state

Marxist faction favoring a broader party and a prolonged liberal-capitalist stage before socialist revolution, unlike Lenin’s Bolsheviks

Bolshevik leader who adapted Marxism to Russian conditions, directed the October Revolution, founded the communist state, and introduced the NEP.

Lenin’s adaptation of Marxism emphasizing a disciplined vanguard party, worker-peasant alliance, party-led proletarian rule, and accelerated revolution

The March 1917 worker and soldier uprising in Petrograd that began over bread shortages, caused Nicholas II’s abdication, and created the Provisional Government

Temporary government formed by Duma leaders after the tsar’s abdication; continuing World War I and postponing land reform eroded its support and aided the Bolsheviks

Socialist politician who became prime minister of the Provisional Government but was weakened by the war, the Kornilov Affair, and Bolshevik opposition

Influential council of workers and soldiers that shared authority with the Provisional Government and eventually gained a Bolshevik majority

The unstable sharing of authority in 1917 between the formally legal Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet’s practical influence over workers and soldiers

Petrograd Soviet directive encouraging soldiers’ committees and asserting Soviet influence over the capital’s garrison, weakening government military authority

Lenin’s 1917 program rejecting the Provisional Government and demanding peace, land for peasants, soviet power, and movement toward socialist revolution

Unrest in Petrograd in July 1917 that the Provisional Government suppressed, temporarily weakening the Bolsheviks and forcing Lenin into hiding

General Kornilov’s apparent military threat to Petrograd in August 1917, which weakened Kerensky and empowered armed Bolsheviks as defenders of the revolution

The Bolsheviks’ planned November 1917 seizure of strategic points in Petrograd and overthrow of the Provisional Government

Bolshevik leader who organized the October seizure through the Military Revolutionary Committee and later organized the Red Army during the civil war

Early Bolshevik measure calling for an end to World War I and fulfilling the revolutionaries’ promise of peace

Early Bolshevik measure recognizing peasants’ seizure and control of landed estates

Elected body dispersed by the Bolsheviks in January 1918 after it refused to accept their supremacy, ending the prospect of multiparty parliamentary rule

Bolshevik political police created in 1917 to combat counterrevolution and sabotage through arrests and coercion

March 1918 treaty withdrawing Russia from World War I at the cost of extensive western territories, population, farmland, and industry

The mainly 1918–1921 conflict between the Bolshevik government and its opponents, ending in Red victory, communist consolidation, and enormous destruction

The disciplined Bolshevik Red Army held Russia’s central regions and defeated the divided White opponents operating from poorly coordinated peripheral fronts

British, French, Japanese, American, and other aid to anti-Bolshevik forces, which remained uncoordinated but supported Bolshevik claims of resisting foreign invasion

Bolshevik campaign of Cheka-led executions, arrests, and repression against actual or suspected opponents during the civil war

Civil War emergency system of nationalization, grain requisitioning, restricted trade, rationing, and militarized labor that supplied the Red Army but intensified economic collapse and unrest

1921 rebellion by formerly revolutionary sailors demanding freer soviets and economic reform; its suppression showed political opposition would not be tolerated

Lenin’s 1921 mixed economy restoring limited private trade and small enterprise while retaining state control of major industries, helping revive production after War Communism

Union formed in 1922 by Soviet Russia and other Soviet republics under the Communist Party’s centralized one-party rule

Organization founded in 1919 that encouraged foreign communist parties to follow Bolshevik leadership and work toward international socialist revolution