AP®︎ European History: Topic 7.6 Flashcards

Extension of one state’s political, economic, or military power over another territory or people, with or without formal annexation

Acquisition, settlement, and administration of overseas territory by an imperial power

Rapid intensification of European control over Africa and Asia, especially from about 1870 to 1914, enabled by industrial power

Rapid late-nineteenth-century European competition to claim and partition nearly all of Africa

Canal opened in 1869 linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas; Britain bought shares in 1875 and occupied Egypt in 1882 to secure trade and the route to India

Aggressive, boastful nationalism that celebrated expansion and presented colonial acquisition as proof of national strength

Misapplication of evolutionary competition and “survival of the fittest” to peoples and states to portray conquest and racial domination as natural

Use of supposedly scientific measurements and classifications to divide humanity into fixed, unequal races headed by white Europeans

French claim that empire spread a supposedly superior civilization through French language, education, law, and culture

Rudyard Kipling’s 1899 formulation of empire as a supposed racial duty of white peoples to govern and civilize nonwhite peoples

Territory formally controlled and administered by an imperial power

Colonial government in which European officials replaced or subordinated existing authorities and governed through a centralized bureaucracy

Colonial government through existing local rulers or institutions while the imperial power controlled taxation, trade, foreign policy, or military affairs

Territory retaining a nominal local government while an imperial power controls external affairs and decisively influences internal policy

Area where a foreign power claimed privileged economic or political access without necessarily annexing or directly governing it

Specific privilege granted to a foreign power, such as port access, mining rights, railway construction, or favorable tariffs

Coerced agreement granting a stronger foreign power special commercial or legal privileges at the expense of a weaker state’s sovereignty

Foreign economic or political domination exercised without complete annexation or direct colonial government

Private company authorized by a government to trade, make treaties, administer territory, or maintain armed forces overseas

Conical bullet that made rifled firearms practical to load in battle, giving infantry greater range and accuracy than smoothbore muskets

Rifle loaded from the rear of the barrel, allowing faster fire and reloading while kneeling or lying down

Recoil-operated machine gun patented in 1884 that allowed a small force to direct sustained fire against much larger formations

Steam-powered vessel that moved on predictable schedules, traveled upriver against currents, and transported imperial troops, officials, and goods

Rail line commonly linking inland mines or plantations to ports while also moving troops and European manufactured goods

Rapid long-distance communication system whose landlines and undersea cables let governments coordinate colonial officials, commerce, and military forces

Imperial administrative and propaganda tool used to document, survey, classify, and portray colonized lands and peoples for European audiences

Medicine derived from cinchona bark that prevented and treated malaria, reducing European mortality in tropical regions

Theory that microorganisms cause many diseases, encouraging sterilization, sanitation, vaccination research, and systematic prevention