AP®︎ European History: Topic 6.6 Flashcards

Post-1815 cooperation among Europe’s great powers to preserve the balance of power and suppress revolution; divisions and the Revolutions of 1848 ultimately broke it down

Austrian statesman and leading defender of monarchy and the Concert of Europe whose flight during Vienna’s 1848 revolution symbolized the weakening conservative order

Greek nationalist revolt against Ottoman rule begun in 1821; British, French, and Russian intervention helped secure Greek independence by 1830

Failed 1825 uprising by Russian army officers seeking constitutional government, a republic, or an end to serfdom; Nicholas I suppressed it and intensified repression

Reactionary Russian tsar who suppressed the Decembrists and Polish and Hungarian revolts while defending autocracy through censorship, surveillance, and military force

Paris uprising in July 1830 that followed Charles X’s restrictive ordinances, forced his abdication, and placed Louis-Philippe on the throne

Louis-Philippe’s 1830–1848 constitutional monarchy, more liberal than the Bourbon restoration but dominated by wealthy property owners and opposed by republicans and workers

Revolt begun in 1830 that separated Catholic Belgium from the Kingdom of the Netherlands and produced an internationally recognized neutral Belgium

Unsuccessful 1830–1831 nationalist rebellion against Russian rule; defeat brought tighter Russian control and sent Polish revolutionary exiles into western Europe

Europe-wide uprisings driven by economic crisis, political exclusion, nationalism, and demands for reform; most failed but weakened the conservative order and Concert of Europe

Mid-1840s crisis of poor harvests, potato blight, rising food prices, unemployment, and rural distress that helped trigger the Revolutions of 1848

February uprising that overthrew Louis-Philippe and established the Second Republic, followed by class conflict, the June Days, and an eventual authoritarian reaction

French regime established in February 1848 with universal male suffrage; class conflict weakened it before Louis-Napoleon’s 1851 coup ended republican government

State-supported employment program for unemployed Parisian men created in 1848; its closure provoked the June Days uprising

June 1848 Paris workers’ uprising against the closure of the National Workshops, violently crushed by General Cavaignac’s forces

Elected president of the Second Republic in 1848; he seized power in 1851 and founded the authoritarian Second Empire as Napoleon III in 1852

Elected 1848 German assembly that drafted a liberal constitution and sought national unification but collapsed without an army, revenue, or princely support

Competing unification plans: Greater Germany would include Austria, while Lesser Germany would exclude Austria and place Prussia at the new state’s head

Uprisings in Vienna, Prague, Hungary, and Italian lands that drove out Metternich and ended manorial obligations but were largely defeated by imperial forces

Hungarian movement for self-government under Lajos Kossuth, defeated by Habsburg forces with Russian aid after divisions among the empire’s nationalities

Uprisings seeking constitutions, an end to Austrian rule, and Italian unity; Austrian and French military intervention defeated the divided revolutionary movements

Short-lived republic established after Pope Pius IX fled Rome; Giuseppe Mazzini helped lead it before French troops restored papal rule

Nicholas I’s doctrine defending the Orthodox Church, absolute tsarist rule, and Russian national loyalty against western liberal and revolutionary ideas

Post-Crimean War reforms intended to strengthen Russia, including emancipation, elected local councils, judicial and military changes, education, and economic modernization

Alexander II’s decree legally freeing about 23 million privately owned serfs, though land shortages, communal control, and redemption payments preserved peasant hardship

Long-term payments imposed on emancipated Russian peasants to compensate landowners for land transferred to village communities

Russian village commune that allocated peasant land and imposed collective responsibilities, limiting the independence promised by emancipation

Elected local councils established in 1864 to manage roads, schools, and public health, offering limited participation while remaining under tsarist authority

Russian radicals who looked to the peasantry as the basis of social transformation; after efforts to mobilize peasants failed, some turned to terrorism

Russian revolutionary organization whose members used terrorism and assassinated Tsar Alexander II in 1881

Russian tsar who answered Alexander II’s assassination with censorship, police repression, Russification, and renewed defense of autocratic authority

Russian finance minister who promoted protective tariffs, foreign investment, the gold standard, heavy industry, and railroads to modernize and strengthen the autocratic state

Mass unrest involving workers, peasants, liberals, national minorities, and mutineers that forced limited concessions but failed to end tsarist autocracy

January 1905 massacre in which imperial troops fired on Georgy Gapon’s peaceful petitioners in St. Petersburg, triggering widespread revolutionary unrest

Workers’ councils formed during the 1905 Revolution to coordinate strikes and political action, most notably the St. Petersburg Soviet

Nicholas II’s 1905 promise of civil liberties and an elected legislature, which divided the opposition and helped the government survive the revolution

Elected Russian legislature promised in 1905 but repeatedly dissolved or restricted by Nicholas II, leaving ministers and major state powers under tsarist control

Laws reaffirming the tsar’s authority over ministers, foreign policy, the military, decrees, and dissolution of the Duma, preventing full constitutional monarchy

Russian minister who combined repression with reforms allowing peasants to leave the mir and consolidate private farms, hoping to create loyal prosperous landowners