AP®︎ European History: Topic 1.5 Flashcards

Late-fifteenth- and early-sixteenth-century monarchies that increased crown control over taxation, armed force, justice, administration, and religion, laying foundations for centralized modern states

Supreme political authority within a defined territory; a sovereign state claims final authority against independent nobles, churches, cities, assemblies, and foreign powers

A monarchy whose territories share a ruler but retain separate laws, institutions, privileges, and tax systems, as Castile and Aragon did

English dynastic wars that weakened the nobility and ended with Henry VII’s victory in 1485, enabling Tudor centralization

Their 1469 marriage created a dynastic union that strengthened royal administration, military power, and Catholic conformity while leaving Castile and Aragon institutionally separate

Royal officials appointed to represent Ferdinand and Isabella and enforce crown authority in Castilian towns

Crown-directed federation of local Castilian militias that suppressed disorder and enforced royal justice under Ferdinand and Isabella

Ferdinand and Isabella’s 1492 conquest of the last Muslim-ruled kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, enhancing the monarchy’s military prestige

Royal-controlled tribunal authorized in 1478 to investigate alleged heresy, initially among conversos, and enforce Catholic religious conformity

Ferdinand and Isabella’s 1492 expulsion of practicing Jews, enforcing Catholic conformity while causing persecution, migration, and loss of skilled populations

French new monarch who used diplomacy, war, patronage, and administrative pressure to weaken rival princes and expand Valois royal authority

Direct royal tax that gave the French crown regular revenue for administration and military forces, reducing dependence on the Estates-General

The 1516 agreement allowing the French king to nominate bishops and abbots while the pope formally confirmed them, expanding royal control over the French Church

Nobles of the robe gained status through law, officeholding, and royal service; nobles of the sword claimed status from hereditary landholding and military service

Henry IV’s 1598 settlement granting Huguenots limited worship, civil protections, and fortified places while preserving Catholicism as France’s official religion

First Tudor king, who strengthened the English crown by restricting noble retainers, using royal justice and financial penalties, and cooperating with gentry and local officials

Tudor royal court derived from the king’s council that used juryless procedures to punish powerful offenders and curb aristocratic independence

Financial obligations used by Henry VII to bind nobles to good behavior and impose costly penalties for disobedience

Local officials drawn mainly from the English gentry who administered royal law in the counties without requiring a large paid bureaucracy

Tudor king who used Parliament to sever England from Rome and establish crown supremacy over the English church after the pope refused his annulment

The 1534 statute recognizing Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England and formalizing England’s institutional break with Rome

Henry VIII’s suppression of English monasteries and seizure of their property, much of which the crown sold or granted to lay elites

Top-down religious transformation in which the Tudor crown broke with Rome, created a national church, and used law and standardized worship to control religion

Standard English-language liturgy first issued under Edward VI and restored in modified form by Elizabeth I to enforce uniform worship in the national church

Tudor queen whose 1559 religious settlement restored royal supremacy and required outward conformity to standardized Church of England worship

The 1555 settlement recognizing Catholic and Lutheran territories under the principle that each territorial ruler would determine the territory’s religion

The 1648 settlement ending the Thirty Years’ War, recognizing Calvinism and confirming the authority of territorial rulers within the Holy Roman Empire

Florentine banking and merchant family that converted commercial wealth into political authority in Renaissance Italy

Northern European financier family that gained influence by lending large sums to dynastic rulers

Division of Italy among competing city-states, principalities, republics, and the Papal States, with no ruler able to centralize the peninsula

A conception of political authority analyzed through power, law, security, and human behavior rather than solely through church claims or Christian moral theology

Machiavelli’s 1513 analysis of how rulers acquire and preserve power through force, deception, public opinion, and adaptation to necessity

Machiavelli’s term for a ruler’s capacity to act decisively, adapt to circumstances, and shape political outcomes

Machiavelli’s term for the unpredictable conditions and chance events that an effective ruler must master as far as possible

Bodin’s 1576 work defined sovereignty as absolute, perpetual, supreme, and indivisible authority needed to prevent civil disorder

Grotius’s 1625 work argued that reason-based natural law governed war, treaties, property, and relations among sovereign states, helping found international law