AP®︎ European History: Topic 5.3 Flashcards

Britain’s rise over France as the leading naval, commercial, financial, and imperial power, established in 1763 and secured by 1815

The continuing Anglo-French strategic rivalry from 1689 to 1815, fought through several separate European and colonial wars

The 1713 settlement that gave Britain Gibraltar, Minorca, and the asiento, strengthening its naval and commercial position

A state able to collect taxes, borrow dependably, and direct extensive financial resources toward sustained warfare

A government’s ability to borrow because lenders trust it to honor its debts and make regular interest payments

The institution founded in 1694 that helped the British government obtain loans and mobilize private wealth for war

Long-term government debt supported by designated tax revenues and regular interest payments rather than immediate repayment

Britain’s naval force, which protected commerce, blockaded enemies, transported troops, and supported colonial conquest

A chartered trading company that acquired military, political, and territorial power in India, especially after gaining a base in Bengal

The monarchy’s inability to manage war debts or reform an inefficient, privilege-ridden tax system, contributing to the crisis of 1789

The global Anglo-French conflict begun in North America in 1754 and formally fought from 1756 to 1763, ending in decisive British victory

The 1756 alliance reversal in which Britain joined Prussia while France allied with Austria and Russia against Prussia

Robert Clive’s 1757 victory that gave the British East India Company a powerful territorial and financial base in Bengal

The 1759 British victory under James Wolfe over Montcalm that led toward Britain’s conquest of Canada

Britain’s 1759 “year of miracles,” when victories across Europe, the seas, North America, and India displayed its global power

The settlement ending the Seven Years’ War’s colonial and maritime conflict; Britain gained Canada and Florida, while French power in India was sharply reduced

The 1765 parliamentary tax on the American colonies, imposed to raise postwar revenue and met with constitutional resistance

The colonial rebellion that became a global Anglo-French war after French intervention and ended with Britain losing the thirteen colonies

The 1777 American victory that convinced France the rebellion could succeed and encouraged formal French intervention

French financial, military, and naval support that helped defeat Britain but added heavily to the French monarchy’s debt

The 1781 American-French victory in which de Grasse’s fleet blocked British escape while allied forces trapped Cornwallis

The settlement that ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized the independence of the United States