AP®︎ European History: Topic 3.2 Flashcards

Doctrine that monarchs received authority from God and were not politically accountable to their subjects

Substantial landowners below the titled nobility who dominated local government and helped lead Parliament’s defense of property and political rights

English Protestants who sought further reform of the Church of England and often opposed Stuart religious policies

First Stuart king of England, ruling from 1603 to 1625, who defended divine-right monarchy and clashed with Parliament over taxation and religion

Stuart king whose nonparliamentary taxation, Personal Rule, and religious policies provoked civil war; executed in 1649

Parliament’s 1628 assertion against taxation without consent, arbitrary imprisonment, forced quartering, and peacetime martial law

Charles I’s government without Parliament from 1629 to 1640, financed through disputed uses of royal authority

Naval levy Charles I extended inland and collected in peacetime without Parliament, provoking resistance to nonparliamentary taxation

Scottish agreement of 1638 pledging to defend Presbyterianism against Charles I’s Anglican religious innovations

Wars of 1639–1640 caused by Scottish resistance to Charles I’s religious policies; their costs forced him to recall Parliament

Parliament summoned in April 1640 and dissolved after about three weeks when it demanded reforms before granting Charles I money

Parliament summoned in November 1640 that dismantled Personal Rule, challenged Charles I, and remained in changing forms until 1660

Catholic uprising whose suppression required an army, creating a decisive dispute over whether the king or Parliament would control military force

Royalists supported Charles I, while Parliamentarians fought to defend Parliament against the king

Puritan Parliamentarian commander who led the New Model Army, established the Protectorate, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 to 1658

Centralized, disciplined Parliamentarian army created in 1645 that defeated the Royalists and became a powerful political institution

Decisive Parliamentarian victory in 1645 that destroyed Charles I’s principal field army

Presbyterians favored a national Presbyterian church and negotiated restoration, while Independents favored broader Protestant toleration and distrusted Charles I.

Radical Parliamentarians who advocated broader male participation, equality before the law, regular elections, and greater religious toleration

Army debates of 1647 between officers and Levellers over representation and voting rights; army leaders rejected broad political equality

Army exclusion of Commons members favoring further negotiations with Charles I in December 1648

Members remaining after Pride’s Purge who authorized Charles I’s trial and governed the early Commonwealth until Cromwell dissolved them in 1653

Charles I was convicted of treason against the English people and beheaded on January 30, 1649, establishing that a king could be held legally accountable

Republic established after Charles I’s execution and the abolition of the monarchy and House of Lords, lasting until the Restoration in 1660

Brutal campaign begun in 1649 that crushed resistance, confiscated Catholic land, and strengthened English Protestant control of Ireland

Written constitution of 1653 that established the Protectorate with Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector

Army-backed regime of 1653–1659 in which Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector with concentrated personal and military power

Return of Charles II and restoration of the monarchy, House of Lords, and Church of England in 1660

Restored Stuart king who ruled from 1660 to 1685 and faced parliamentary suspicion over Catholicism, toleration, and royal authority

Restoration laws requiring public officeholders to conform to Anglican practices, chiefly to exclude Catholics

Political struggle of 1679–1681 over efforts to prevent the Catholic James, duke of York, from succeeding Charles II.

Whigs favored excluding Catholic James and parliamentary control of succession; Tories defended hereditary monarchy and the Anglican establishment

Catholic Stuart king whose dispensing power, appointments, standing army, and Declarations of Indulgence provoked the Glorious Revolution

James II’s claimed authority to exempt individuals from laws enacted by Parliament

James II’s orders suspending penal laws against Catholics and Protestant dissenters through unilateral royal authority

1688 trial of Anglican bishops who opposed James II’s religious declaration; their acquittal was celebrated as a defeat for arbitrary royal power

Dutch Protestant ruler invited to intervene against James II who became joint monarch with Mary II after the Glorious Revolution

Overthrow of James II in 1688–1689 and parliamentary transfer of the crown to William III and Mary II under legal limits

Supporters of James II and the Stuart claim who resisted the Glorious Revolution, especially in Scotland and Ireland

William III’s 1690 victory over James II in Ireland, securing the new regime and strengthening Protestant dominance there

1689 settlement barring unilateral suspension of laws, taxation, or peacetime armies while affirming parliamentary elections, debate, petition, and frequent sessions

Law granting limited worship rights to many Protestant dissenters but not political equality or toleration for Catholics

Law barring Catholics and those married to Catholics from the throne and securing a Protestant succession

Principle that Parliament is the supreme lawmaking authority and that taxation, statutes, and peacetime military funding require its authorization

Monarchy governed within legal and institutional limits, with the ruler subject to law and dependent on Parliament

Connected wars of 1642–1651 between Royalists and Parliamentarians over political and religious authority, extending across England, Scotland, and Ireland