AP®︎ European History: Topic 9.9 Flashcards

The prolonged process by which colonies ended formal imperial rule and became sovereign states

The principle that a people should choose its own political status and government without outside control

Anticolonial nationalism organized within a colonized society rather than imposed by the imperial power

The imperial state that governed overseas colonies, such as Britain, France, Belgium, Portugal, or the Netherlands

A colony with a substantial, influential population of imperial settlers who commonly resisted transfer to majority rule

League of Nations administration of former German and Ottoman territories by victorious powers after World War I, officially as preparation for self-government

Continued foreign economic, political, strategic, or cultural control or influence after formal independence

The 1941 Allied statement affirming peoples’ right to choose their government, language later used to challenge colonial rule

The 1955 meeting of Asian and African states promoting anticolonialism, political independence, and cooperation outside the Cold War blocs

The policy of avoiding formal identification with either the American or Soviet Cold War bloc

The organization established in 1961 by states seeking political independence from both Cold War blocs

The principal Indian nationalist organization, founded in 1885, that used mass action and negotiation to pursue independence from Britain

Indian National Congress leader who mobilized resistance to British rule through disciplined nonviolence, boycotts, and civil disobedience

Gandhi’s method of disciplined nonviolent resistance through noncooperation and civil disobedience

Gandhi’s 1930 campaign defying Britain’s salt monopoly and tax, which mobilized Indians and publicized nonviolent resistance

The Jinnah-led organization that argued Indian Muslims needed a separate state to avoid Hindu-majority domination

The Indian National Congress campaign launched in 1942 demanding an immediate end to British rule

The 1947 division of British India into India and Pakistan, accompanied by mass displacement and communal violence

Indonesian nationalist leader who organized during Japanese occupation and, with Mohammad Hatta, declared independence in 1945

Vietnamese communist nationalist who led the Viet Minh and proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945

Ho Chi Minh’s communist-led Vietnamese nationalist movement that fought Japanese occupation and French colonial restoration

The 1946–1954 war between France and the Viet Minh over France’s attempt to restore colonial rule in Indochina

The decisive 1954 Viet Minh victory that ended France’s attempt to reconquer Vietnam

The 1954 agreement ending the First Indochina War and temporarily dividing Vietnam near the 17th parallel

European settlers in French Algeria who held disproportionate power and strongly opposed Algerian independence

The Algerian nationalist organization that began an armed revolt against French rule in 1954

The 1956–1957 struggle in which French repression broke much of the FLN’s urban network but damaged France’s legitimacy

The 1962 agreement that ended the Algerian War and recognized Algeria’s independence from France

Kwame Nkrumah’s Ghanaian nationalist party, which used strikes, elections, and demands for “self-government now” to secure independence

The 1950s anticolonial uprising in Kenya that prompted harsh British counterinsurgency before Kenya gained independence in 1963

The political fragmentation, mutiny, secession, and foreign intervention that followed Belgium’s abrupt withdrawal from the Congo in 1960

The year 1960, when seventeen African countries became independent

The 1974 overthrow of Portugal’s authoritarian regime after colonial wars fueled military discontent, leading to independence for Angola and Mozambique in 1975

U.S. president whose post–World War I promotion of national self-determination raised colonized peoples’ expectations without producing general independence

Leader of the Muslim League who argued that Indian Muslims required a separate state, helping bring about Pakistan in the 1947 partition

Ghanaian nationalist leader whose Convention People’s Party used elections, strikes, and mass pressure to achieve independence in 1957

French leader who returned to power during the Algerian crisis and ultimately accepted Algerian independence as continued French rule became unsustainable

The 1954–1962 war in which the FLN fought French rule, ending with the Evian Accords and Algerian independence