AP®︎ European History: Topic 6.9 Flashcards

A state that gathers information, employs experts, enforces regulations, and provides continuing public services through specialized agencies

The principle that government should interfere as little as possible in markets, contracts, and individual economic activity

Later nineteenth-century liberalism holding that sanitation, education, and limited welfare could increase people’s practical capacity to exercise freedom

German sickness, accident, old-age, and disability insurance enacted in 1883–1889 to protect workers, build loyalty, and weaken socialism

Government action to combat urban disease through clean water, sewers, drainage, street cleaning, ventilation, and waste removal

The incorrect belief that foul-smelling air from decaying matter caused disease; it nevertheless encouraged cleaning, drainage, and sewer construction

British law that created a General Board of Health and permitted local health boards, though much local action remained optional

British law requiring local authorities to address drainage, sewage, water supplies, street cleaning, and housing conditions

Snow’s 1854 tracing of a London cholera outbreak to a contaminated water pump, providing evidence that cholera spread through water

The intolerable odor of sewage in London’s Thames that prompted political action and the sewer network designed under Joseph Bazalgette

Government regulation of construction, condemnation of unsafe buildings, slum clearance, and eventual authorization of public housing

British law empowering local authorities to clear unhealthy districts and construct working-class housing

Local government ownership or regulation of essential services such as water, gas, electricity, and transportation

Permanent, salaried, trained, and bureaucratically supervised forces using regular patrols to prevent crime, enforce regulations, and monitor disorder

The nineteenth-century effort to replace arbitrary, unhealthy confinement with regulated penitentiaries emphasizing classification, discipline, moral reform, and rehabilitation

British prison reformer who promoted sanitation, education, religious instruction, prisoner classification, and protection from abuse, especially at Newgate

A penitentiary method that isolated prisoners to prevent mutual corruption and encourage reflection and penitence

Tax-supported required elementary schooling intended to promote public order, national identity, literacy, and economic productivity

British law creating elected school boards to provide elementary schools where voluntary education was inadequate

French laws that made primary education free in 1881 and compulsory and secular in 1882 under the Third Republic

British utilitarian administrator who promoted centralized sanitation, clean water, sewers, and waste removal as cheaper ways to prevent disease and poverty

Chadwick’s statistical report linking high mortality among workers to overcrowding, contaminated water, and inadequate drainage

Publicly supported water, sewage, lighting, roads, transportation, waste collection, and parks that made expanding industrial cities healthier and more functional

Napoleon III’s 1853–1870 rebuilding of Paris under Haussmann with boulevards, utilities, parks, and uniform buildings, modernizing the city while aiding state control and displacing poorer residents

British law associated with Robert Peel that created London’s salaried, uniformed civilian police to prevent crime through regular patrols