AP®︎ European History: Topic 3.7 Flashcards

Monarchical rule claiming final sovereign authority over law, taxation, justice, the military, foreign policy, and religion without constitutional subordination to representative institutions

Doctrine that monarchs received authority from God, were accountable to God rather than their subjects, and could not legitimately be removed by popular action

French bishop who defended monarchy as sacred, paternal, absolute, and rational, making resistance to the king contrary to divine political order

A government organized to collect regular revenue and mobilize the troops, supplies, and administration required for permanent armed forces and sustained warfare

French Bourbon king who restored royal authority after the Wars of Religion and issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598

Henry IV's 1598 decree granting limited rights to French Huguenots while preserving Catholicism as France's established religion

Henry IV's chief minister, who promoted agriculture and infrastructure and restored French royal finances after the Wars of Religion

The sale and inheritance of government offices, which tied wealthy officeholders to the crown but limited royal control by making offices private property

The robe nobility gained status through judicial or administrative office, whereas the older sword nobility derived status from hereditary landholding and military tradition

Louis XIII's chief minister, who weakened fortified Huguenot and noble power and expanded royal administration through intendants

Crown-appointed French commissioners who supervised provincial justice, policing, finance, taxation, and administration while monitoring local institutions and hereditary nobles

Revolts of 1648–1653 in which magistrates and nobles challenged royal fiscal and administrative policies, ultimately failing and shaping Louis XIV's distrust of independent elites

Sovereign law courts, including the Parlement of Paris, that registered royal edicts but were not representative legislatures like the English Parliament

French king whose personal rule from 1661 to 1715 expanded royal control over administration, finance, the military, religion, and elite politics

Louis XIV's palace and governmental center, where court ritual, patronage, and competition for royal favor made ambitious nobles politically dependent on the king

France's representative assembly of clergy, nobility, and the Third Estate, which the monarchy did not summon between 1614 and 1789

Louis XIV's controller-general of finances who used mercantilist regulation, manufacturing, infrastructure, commerce, and naval expansion to strengthen the French state

State-directed economic policy seeking greater exports, fewer imports, accumulated bullion, protected manufacturing, and expanded commerce to increase national power and revenue

Louis XIV's war minister, who improved French military recruitment, supply, discipline, promotion, uniforms, barracks, and recordkeeping

Louis XIV's 1685 decree revoking the Edict of Nantes, outlawing Protestant worship and prompting approximately 150,000 to 200,000 Huguenots to flee France

English king from 1603 to 1625 who asserted divine-right monarchy and broad prerogative but remained constrained by Parliament, common-law courts, and financial dependence

The sphere in which an English monarch claimed authority to act without prior parliamentary authorization

Spanish Habsburg king who governed from Madrid through royal councils and defended Catholic uniformity, but ruled territories retaining distinct laws and privileges

A monarchy consisting of multiple territories that shared a ruler while retaining distinct laws, privileges, and political institutions

Spanish king from 1598 to 1621 who delegated substantial authority to royal favorites, illustrating the monarchy's reliance on intermediaries

Spanish king from 1621 to 1665 whose efforts to centralize military and fiscal burdens under Olivares provoked major regional resistance

Royal favorites to whom Spanish Habsburg kings delegated substantial governing authority

Philip IV's valido who attempted to distribute Spain's military and financial burdens more evenly, provoking resistance including revolt in Catalonia and Portugal

Russian tsar who used coercive westernization to reorganize the military, bureaucracy, church, education, economy, and elite culture while strengthening autocracy

State-directed adoption of selected Western military, administrative, scientific, industrial, educational, and elite cultural practices to strengthen Russian autocracy

Peter the Great's 1697–1698 journey through Western Europe to study technology, shipbuilding, military organization, and commerce and recruit foreign specialists

War of 1700–1721 in which Peter modernized Russia's forces, defeated Sweden, gained eastern Baltic territory, and established Russia as a major European power

Peter's western-style Baltic capital, founded in 1703 and built through state coercion to serve as Russia's window to the West

Peter's 1722 system dividing military, civil, and court service into fourteen grades and linking noble status and advancement to service to the tsar

A privileged landholding nobility expected to earn rank and advancement through military or administrative service to the ruler

Church governing body created by Peter in 1721 to replace the Moscow patriarchate and place the Russian Orthodox Church under secular state supervision

State-sponsored scientific institution founded by Peter in 1724 to transfer Western scientific learning into Russia

Russian empress from 1762 to 1796 who continued westernization and administrative expansion while preserving autocracy and relying on a privileged nobility

Consultative body summoned by Catherine in 1767 to consider legal reform but which failed to produce a new Russian law code

Massive Cossack and peasant uprising of 1773–1775 after which Catherine relied more heavily on nobles to preserve order

Catherine's 1785 charter confirming Russian nobles' corporate status and privileges, including exemption from compulsory state service and corporal punishment