AP®︎ European History: Topic 9.5 Flashcards

The persistence or revival after 1945 of movements seeking national unity, autonomy, independence, territorial expansion, or ethnic homogeneity

Ethnic nationalism bases nationhood on ancestry, language, religion, and memory; civic nationalism bases it on shared citizenship and political participation

An effort by a regional or national community to leave an existing state and form an independent political unit

A region’s authority over some internal affairs while it remains part of a larger state

The transfer of powers from a central government to regional institutions

A constitutional division of authority between a national government and regional governments

An effort to annex territory outside a state because it is considered historically or ethnically part of the nation

Political struggle organized around ethnic identity, often intensified by collapsing institutions, disputed territory, fear, and elite manipulation

The violent Northern Ireland conflict among republicans, unionists, paramilitaries, and British forces that caused more than 3,500 deaths

Mostly Protestant unionists favored remaining in Britain, while mostly Catholic nationalists and republicans sought equal treatment and eventual union with Ireland

A republican paramilitary organization that used bombings, assassinations, and guerrilla warfare to try to end British rule in Northern Ireland

The killing of 14 civil rights demonstrators by British soldiers in Derry, which intensified the Northern Ireland conflict

The settlement that largely ended the Troubles through power sharing, Irish cooperation, and consent over Northern Ireland’s constitutional status

A Basque separatist organization founded in 1959 that used terrorism for independence, ended armed activity in 2011, and dissolved in 2018

A movement for Dutch-language rights and greater Flemish autonomy or independence that Belgium managed largely through federal reform

The movement for independence of predominantly Muslim Chechnya from Russia following the weakening and collapse of Soviet authority

Russia’s unsuccessful initial war against Chechen independence, ending with Russian withdrawal and unstable de facto Chechen independence

The war beginning in 1999 in which Russian forces reestablished control over Chechnya through extensive military operations and repression

Large-scale violence against civilians, including genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and ethnic cleansing

The deliberate removal of an ethnic, national, or religious population from a territory to make it more homogeneous or secure political control

Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group as such

Widespread or systematic attacks directed against a civilian population

Serious violations of the laws governing armed conflict for which individuals, including commanders and political leaders, may be prosecuted

The violent dissolution of a multiethnic communist federation after 1991 as weakened authority and competing nationalisms produced territorial wars

Yugoslavia’s communist leader, whose authoritarian rule balanced its republics and suppressed aggressive nationalism until his death in 1980

Serbian leader who mobilized Serbian nationalism, reduced provincial autonomy, supported Serb territorial projects, and later faced trial at the ICTY.

War among Bosnian government, Serb, and Croat forces in which territorial nationalism produced mass ethnic cleansing and atrocities against civilians

The nearly four-year Bosnian Serb siege that subjected Sarajevo’s civilians to shelling and sniper fire

The Bosnian Serb murder of more than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys in a UN safe area, later legally recognized as genocide

The agreement ending the Bosnian War while preserving Bosnia as one state divided mainly into Bosniak-Croat and Serb self-governing entities

An ethnic Albanian insurgent organization that fought Serbian rule in Kosovo during the 1990s

Conflict in which Serbian and Yugoslav forces displaced Kosovo Albanians until NATO intervention forced their withdrawal and placed Kosovo under international administration

An air campaign without explicit UN Security Council authorization intended to halt the expulsion of Kosovo Albanians

Kosovo’s declaration of independence from Serbia, which Serbia rejected and which received divided international recognition

Outside military action intended to protect civilians from mass abuse, even when it challenges the sovereignty of the state involved

The UN tribunal created in 1993 to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes committed in the Yugoslav conflicts

Bosnian Serb political leader convicted by the ICTY of genocide at Srebrenica and other crimes

Bosnian Serb military commander whose forces carried out the Srebrenica genocide and who was later convicted by the ICTY.

The 1995 NATO air strikes against Bosnian Serb positions that helped create the conditions for the Dayton Accords