AP®︎ European History: Topic 1.6 Flashcards

A magnetized needle that indicated north and south, allowing sailors to maintain headings across open water

Estimating a ship’s current position from its previous position, course, speed, and elapsed time

A quarter-circle instrument used to estimate latitude by measuring the altitude of the sun or a star

A weighted circular instrument used to estimate latitude from the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon

Nautical charts showing coastlines, ports, hazards, distances, and rhumb lines representing compass bearings

A vertical rudder at a ship’s rear that improved steering, stability, and maneuverability

A triangular fore-and-aft sail that allowed ships to sail closer to the wind and tack

A light, maneuverable Portuguese ship with a shallow draft and lateen or mixed sails, suited to Atlantic and coastal exploration

Portuguese technique of sailing west into the Atlantic to find winds that carried ships north and east toward Europe

Mapmaking and the systematic recording of coastlines, harbors, routes, distances, winds, currents, and latitude

Shipboard cannon and handheld firearms used to attack vessels and ports and defend overseas forts and trading positions

Portuguese prince who sponsored expeditions, mapmaking, and maritime activity along Africa’s coast but rarely sailed himself

Portuguese navigator who rounded southern Africa in 1488, proving that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were connected by sea

Portuguese navigator who reached India by sailing around Africa in 1498, opening a direct European maritime route to the Indian Ocean

Portugal’s network of fortified ports and trading posts intended to control strategic sea-lanes and commerce around Africa and across the Indian Ocean

Spanish monarchs who completed the conquest of Granada and financed Columbus’s 1492 westward voyage

Report that claimed Caribbean islands for Spain and portrayed them as profitable and receptive to conversion to demonstrate the voyage’s value to the crown

1519–1522 expedition begun by Ferdinand Magellan and completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano that first sailed around the globe

Policies treating commerce and colonies as sources of state power through regulated trade, monopolies, exports, precious metals, and limits on imports

Centuries of Christian expansion against Muslim-ruled states in Iberia, ending with Spain’s conquest of Granada in 1492

Catholic missionary order founded by Ignatius of Loyola that spread Christianity through missions, education, diplomacy, and selective cultural accommodation

Navigator sponsored by Spain who sailed west seeking Asia in 1492 but reached the Caribbean, initiating sustained Spanish expansion in the Americas