AP®︎ European History: Topic 8.6 Flashcards

Revolutionary extreme nationalism that rejected liberal democracy and communism, exalted a charismatic leader, glorified struggle and war, and subordinated individuals to the nation

Government that suppresses political competition and concentrates power in a ruler or elite while often leaving parts of private and social life independent

A system aspiring to control politics, economics, culture, communication, and private belief through one-party rule, ideology, propaganda, mobilization, and terror

Prewar artistic and intellectual movement that celebrated speed, machinery, youth, violence, and war while rejecting older conventions

False German nationalist claim that socialists, democrats, and Jews betrayed an undefeated army and caused Germany’s defeat in World War I.

Italian nationalist claim that the postwar settlement denied Italy the territory and status it deserved despite its victory in World War I.

Italian period of strikes, factory occupations, and peasant unrest in 1919–1920 that intensified elite and middle-class fear of socialism

Propaganda portraying a ruler as an extraordinary, infallible embodiment of the nation or revolution

Nazi propaganda minister who coordinated German radio, film, journalism, literature, theater, and the arts after 1933

Leni Riefenstahl’s 1935 propaganda film presenting Hitler and the Nuremberg rally as expressions of a unified, disciplined German nation

Italian Fascist leader who became prime minister in 1922 and gradually created a dictatorship centered on nationalism, violence, and the corporate state

Italian Fascist paramilitaries who violently attacked socialist parties, unions, cooperatives, and local governments

Fascist armed demonstration in October 1922 that pressured King Victor Emmanuel III to appoint Mussolini prime minister

1923 Italian law awarding a large parliamentary majority to the party or coalition receiving at least one-quarter of the vote

Italian Socialist deputy murdered after denouncing Fascist violence and electoral fraud following the 1924 election

Fascist system organizing employers and workers into state-supervised economic corporations intended to replace class conflict with national cooperation

1929 agreements in which Italy recognized Vatican City and the papacy recognized the Italian state, increasing Mussolini’s prestige

German form of fascism combining extreme nationalism, dictatorship, antisemitism, biological racism, anticommunism, and rejection of Versailles

Nazi leader appointed German chancellor in 1933 who used emergency powers, terror, and legal manipulation to create a racial totalitarian dictatorship

Hitler’s mass party, which combined electoral politics, propaganda, paramilitary violence, extreme nationalism, racism, and anticommunism

Nazi ideal of a unified, racially defined national community that excluded groups labeled biological or political enemies

Nazi paramilitary organization that intimidated opponents, fought in the streets, and helped create Hitler’s mass movement

Hitler’s failed 1923 attempt to seize power in Munich, after which he pursued power through elections combined with propaganda and violence

German president who appointed Hitler chancellor on January 30, 1933, after conservatives claimed they could control him

February 1933 emergency decree suspending major German civil liberties and permitting mass arrests of communists and other Nazi opponents

March 1933 law allowing Hitler’s government to enact laws without normal parliamentary approval

Nazi process of bringing state governments, parties, unions, professions, and cultural organizations under centralized party control

Hitler’s June 1934 purge and murder of SA leaders and other enemies, which secured support from the army and conservative elites

Conflict from 1936 to 1939 in which Franco’s German- and Italian-backed Nationalists defeated the Spanish Republic and established dictatorship

Spanish fascist movement incorporated into Franco’s Nationalist coalition and later into his authoritarian political system

German air force unit sent to assist Franco and test aircraft and bombing tactics during the Spanish Civil War

1937 German aerial attack on a Basque town that demonstrated the destructive potential of bombing civilian populations

Foreign volunteers who fought on the Republican side during the Spanish Civil War

British and French policy of avoiding involvement in the Spanish Civil War, which disadvantaged the Republic while Germany and Italy aided Franco

Hungarian regent whose interwar regime was conservative, nationalist, anticommunist, revisionist, and protective of traditional elites

Romanian king who established a royal dictatorship in 1938 amid political violence, economic strain, and ultranationalist growth

Romanian ultranationalist, antisemitic, and fascist movement whose growth contributed to the country’s political violence and authoritarian turn

Soviet dictator who gained supremacy after Lenin’s death and imposed forced industrialization, collectivization, purges, and totalitarian rule

Stalin’s centralized economic programs beginning in 1928 that prioritized rapid growth in heavy industry, transportation, electricity, and armaments

Soviet state planning agency that set production targets and directed investment under the Five-Year Plans

Forced consolidation of individual peasant farms into state-controlled collective farms beginning on a mass scale in 1929

Supposedly prosperous peasants whom Stalin increasingly defined as anyone resisting collectivization or possessing property targeted for confiscation

Stalinist campaign of confiscation, arrest, deportation, forced labor, and execution directed against alleged kulaks and their families

Catastrophic Ukrainian famine of 1932–1933 caused and worsened by collectivization, grain requisitions, movement restrictions, and state repression

Stalin’s mass arrests, executions, deportations, and political removals, reaching their height in 1936–1938

Soviet secret police organization that arrested, interrogated, deported, and executed alleged enemies during the Stalinist terror

Staged public trials in which Old Bolsheviks and other defendants confessed under pressure to fabricated conspiracies before execution

Soviet system of prisons, penal colonies, and forced-labor camps used for political repression and major economic projects

Nationalist general who won the Spanish Civil War with German and Italian assistance and ruled Spain as a dictator until 1975

Repressive Spanish authoritarian system combining military rule, centralized nationalism, Catholic conservatism, monarchism, and fascist elements

Polish marshal who seized power in a 1926 coup and established the authoritarian Sanacja regime

Polish authoritarian order that promised political cleansing but restricted parliamentary competition and concentrated power in the executive

Stalin’s system of one-party totalitarian rule combining central economic planning, forced collectivization, industrialization, leader worship, and political terror