AP®︎ European History: Topic 6.7 Flashcards

Ideology favoring popular sovereignty, constitutional government, individual rights, equality before the law, private property, and generally free markets

Principle that legitimate political authority comes from the people rather than divine right or dynastic inheritance

Liberal belief that rational individuals pursuing their interests under law can promote the general welfare

Reform philosophy judging institutions by whether they produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number

British thinker who developed utilitarianism and advocated reforming laws and institutions according to their social usefulness

Liberal thinker who defended individual liberty, representative government, expanded suffrage, and women’s legal and political equality

Mill’s principle that liberty should be restricted only to prevent harm to others

British middle-class organization led by Richard Cobden and John Bright that secured repeal of protective grain tariffs in 1846

British working-class movement based on the 1838 People’s Charter that demanded universal male suffrage and other democratic parliamentary reforms

Socialist and feminist thinker who called for workers’ unity and argued that working-class emancipation required women’s emancipation

Ideology seeking social ownership, cooperation, planning, or redistribution to overcome capitalism’s inequality and exploitation

Early socialism seeking peaceful social transformation through ideal cooperative communities, education, reason, and example

Utopian socialist who wanted scientists, engineers, industrialists, and administrators to plan production for social benefit

Utopian socialist who proposed voluntary cooperative communities called phalansteries and criticized monotonous labor and women’s subordination

Fourier’s self-sufficient cooperative communities in which work would match individuals’ interests and inclinations

Welsh utopian socialist who improved workers’ conditions at New Lanark and attempted a cooperative community at New Harmony

Marx and Engels’s systematic theory that capitalism’s material contradictions and class struggle would produce proletarian revolution and socialism

Marxist theory that material production and class relationships fundamentally shape institutions, ideas, and historical change

A society’s combination of productive forces, such as labor and technology, and the property relations controlling production

Marxist concept that conflict between classes with opposed economic interests drives historical change

Under capitalism, the bourgeoisie own the means of production, while the proletariat own no productive property and must sell their labor

The value workers create beyond their wages that owners appropriate as profit

Workers’ recognition of their shared class position and common interests against the bourgeoisie

Marxist transitional period of working-class rule that would abolish private ownership of the means of production

Eduard Bernstein’s argument that capitalism was adapting and socialism could be achieved gradually through elections, unions, and legislation

Revolutionary Marxist who emphasized mass working-class action and opposed replacing revolution with gradual parliamentary reform

Marxist organizer who argued that working-class women’s emancipation required transforming capitalism, not merely gaining formal legal equality

Ideology seeking to abolish the state and coercive hierarchies and replace them with voluntary cooperation and decentralized associations

Early anarchist who declared “property is theft,” targeting property that extracted income from others’ labor, and advocated mutualism

Proudhon’s system of independent producers exchanging goods through voluntary contracts and cooperative credit

Revolutionary anarchist who demanded immediate destruction of the state and warned that a Marxist transitional state would become despotic

Anarchist theorist who argued that mutual aid supported decentralized voluntary communities combining agricultural and industrial work

Kropotkin’s principle that cooperation is a major feature of biological and social life and can sustain stateless communities

Political or economic action taken outside parliamentary institutions, especially direct action by organized workers

Belief that dramatic attacks on rulers or institutions could reveal state weakness and inspire wider revolt

Worker-centered ideology seeking to overthrow capitalism through union organization and direct industrial action rather than parliamentary politics

Revolutionary syndicalist who argued that the myth of the general strike could unite workers and preserve revolutionary energy

British democratic ideology demanding sweeping parliamentary reform, universal male suffrage, and citizenship regardless of property

Continental democratic ideology seeking universal male suffrage and the replacement of monarchy with government by citizens

Developer of scientific socialism who explained history through material conditions and class struggle, coauthored The Communist Manifesto, and wrote Capital

Marx’s collaborator and supporter who studied English workers’ conditions and coauthored The Communist Manifesto

Economic liberal policy favoring minimal government interference in exchange while the state protects property and public order