AP®︎ European History: Topic 9.4 Flashcards

A state with exceptional military power, continental-scale resources, ideological influence, and the ability to organize international alliances; after World War II, the United States and Soviet Union

The division of postwar Europe into an American-influenced capitalist West and a Soviet-dominated communist East

Collective-defense alliance founded in 1949 that gave Western Europe a permanent American security guarantee and treated an attack on one member as an attack on all

Institution created through the 1944 Bretton Woods agreements to promote monetary cooperation, exchange-rate stability, and short-term balance-of-payments lending

International institution that initially made long-term loans for postwar reconstruction and later increasingly financed economic development

The 1947 framework for reducing tariffs and trade barriers through multilateral negotiation and expanding commerce among capitalist economies

Organization established in 1995 to succeed GATT, oversee international trade rules, and resolve trade disputes

A formally independent country that followed Soviet direction in foreign policy, military affairs, and major domestic decisions

Communist leader of Yugoslavia who broke with Stalin in 1948 and pursued an independent communist course outside the Soviet bloc

A system of state ownership and compulsory planning that set production, prices, labor, and investment while emphasizing heavy industry, welfare guarantees, and restricted consumer choice

Soviet-led organization founded in 1949 to coordinate communist-bloc economies through specialized production, protected trade, and dependence on Soviet resources and markets

Barrier erected by East Germany in 1961 to stop East Germans from emigrating through West Berlin into West Germany

Soviet-dominated military alliance founded in 1955 that integrated Eastern European forces and enforced Soviet control over member states

Soviet leader who initiated de-Stalinization and limited economic reforms but used force to preserve communist rule and Soviet control of Eastern Europe

Khrushchev’s effort to repudiate Stalin’s cult, terror, and abuses while preserving communist one-party rule and Soviet control of Eastern Europe

Khrushchev’s 1956 speech to the Twentieth Party Congress denouncing Stalin’s cult of personality, purges, and abuses of power

Hungarian uprising for political freedom, Soviet withdrawal, and neutrality that was crushed after Imre Nagy announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact

Czechoslovakia’s 1968 attempt under Alexander Dubček to liberalize communism, ended by a Warsaw Pact invasion and renewed repression

Dubček’s Prague Spring program combining socialist ownership and communist leadership with less censorship, greater participation, and limited economic decentralization

The post–Prague Spring restoration of censorship, Communist Party discipline, and political conformity under Gustáv Husák

The claim that socialist states had limited sovereignty and that the Soviet Union could intervene when reforms threatened socialism or the communist bloc

The political and ideological boundary dividing the American-influenced capitalist West from the Soviet-dominated communist East in postwar Europe