AP®︎ European History: Topic 1.2 Flashcards

Intellectual and cultural movement in the Italian city-states that revived classical learning and promoted humanism, secular analysis, individual achievement, and classically inspired art

Renaissance educational and scholarly movement based on recovering and studying classical Greek and Roman texts to cultivate eloquence, judgment, morality, and public effectiveness

The humanist curriculum of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy

Medieval university method using formal logic and disputation to reconcile authoritative texts, especially Christian theology and Aristotelian philosophy

The “father of humanism,” who recovered Latin manuscripts, promoted classical literary style, and helped establish the humanist revival while remaining Christian

Humanist study of a text's language, manuscripts, and historical context to determine its origin, meaning, and most authentic form

Humanist philologist who used anachronistic Latin vocabulary and style to prove that the Donation of Constantine was a medieval forgery

Forged document claiming Constantine transferred western political authority to the pope; Valla's philological analysis exposed its medieval origin

Increased attention to worldly affairs and explanations not based exclusively on theology, without necessarily rejecting Christianity

Renaissance emphasis on an individual's distinctive abilities, achievements, reputation, personality, and capacity for self-development

Medici-supported humanist who translated Plato and sought to reconcile Platonic philosophy with Christianity

Renaissance revival of Plato and later Platonic thought, often reconciled with Christianity

Humanist philosopher who emphasized people's God-given freedom and capacity to shape and elevate themselves through choice, study, and moral development

Pico's work presenting human beings as unusually free to shape and elevate themselves within a divinely created order

Application of classical learning to active citizenship, public service, political participation, defense of liberty, and service to the state

Florentine chancellor and civic humanist who used classical history and eloquence to celebrate republican liberty, citizenship, and public service

Humanist ideal of a broadly cultivated individual accomplished in several intellectual, artistic, and practical fields

Humanist, artist, and architect who applied mathematics, harmonious proportion, and classical principles to artistic theory and design

Florentine diplomat who used classical history and contemporary observation to analyze how states acquire power, preserve order, and survive conflict

Machiavelli's 1513 analysis of how rulers gain and preserve states, judging deception, coercion, and other actions by their political effectiveness

Machiavelli's contrast between a ruler's skill, boldness, and adaptability and the unpredictable circumstances or fortune that resist control

Italian humanist whose Book of the Courtier defined the education, talents, manners, and self-presentation expected of an accomplished court noble

Castiglione's guide to the ideal courtier, who combined classical education, military and artistic skill, eloquence, graceful manners, and social discipline

Castiglione's ideal of appearing effortlessly graceful while concealing the training and calculation behind one's performance

Florentine statesman and historian who explained politics through evidence, experience, ambition, interest, and contingent human decisions rather than providence alone

Financial and political support through which rulers, popes, governments, guilds, and wealthy families commissioned culture to display devotion, status, and authority

Florentine banking dynasty that converted wealth into political influence and patronage of humanists, artists, architects, and philosophers

Revival of Greek and Roman subjects, proportions, balance, anatomy, and architectural forms such as columns, arches, domes, and pediments

Artistic effort to depict bodies, faces, emotion, movement, light, objects, and physical space in convincing lifelike ways

Mathematical technique for creating depth in which receding parallel lines converge at a vanishing point on the viewer's horizon line

Classical sculptural stance with most weight on one leg, creating a natural shift in the figure's hips and shoulders

Florentine architect associated with the early systematic development of linear perspective and the revival of classical proportions, rounded arches, columns, and ordered spaces

Brunelleschi’s dome over Florence Cathedral’s enormous octagonal crossing, built without traditional wooden centering and celebrated as a symbol of Florentine ingenuity and civic prestige

Medici-associated bronze that rendered a biblical hero as a freestanding nude with classical contrapposto and naturalistic anatomy

Renaissance artist and investigator whose studies of anatomy, mechanics, engineering, and nature joined artistic naturalism with close observation

Leonardo's religious painting using converging perspective, ordered composition, and individualized emotional reactions to center attention on Christ

High Renaissance sculptor, painter, and architect known for monumental, idealized, anatomically powerful human figures in civic and papal commissions

Monumental classical-style nude showing the biblical David tense before combat; displayed publicly as a symbol of Florentine courage and independence

Michelangelo's Julius II–commissioned biblical program whose idealized, anatomically powerful figures glorified Christianity, Rome, and papal prestige

Vatican fresco depicting ancient thinkers in classical architecture, with balanced naturalistic figures and perspective centered on Plato and Aristotle

Renaissance architect who systematically adapted Greek and Roman symmetry, proportion, temple fronts, columns, and pediments to villas and other buildings

Palladio’s symmetrical villa with classical porticoes arranged around a central domed space