AP®︎ US History: Unit 7 Flashcards

Historian who argued in 1893 that the frontier had shaped American democracy, individualism, and national character

Extending a nation’s power over other lands and peoples through annexation, colonial rule, military occupation, economic dominance, or political control

The misapplication of evolutionary ideas to societies and nations, portraying imperial competition as a struggle in which conquest proved superior fitness

Kipling’s 1899 poem portrayed colonial rule over supposedly less civilized peoples as a difficult moral duty of white imperial powers

Naval strategist who argued that national power required a modern navy, merchant marine, overseas bases, and control of major sea routes

Imperialists supported overseas expansion for markets, security, national power, and racial or religious missions, while anti-imperialists opposed colonial rule as contrary to self-determination and republican government

Organization founded in 1898 that opposed colonial rule as hostile to liberty, consent of the governed, and republican government

The 1898 incorporation of Hawaii by congressional joint resolution after American planters overthrew Queen Liliuokalani, giving the United States a valuable Pacific base and commercial territory

Sensationalized reporting that emphasized Spanish atrocities and Cuban suffering, shaping public opinion and increasing political pressure for intervention

American battleship destroyed in Havana Harbor in February 1898; although Spain’s responsibility was unproved, its sinking became a rallying cry for war

Private 1898 letter by Spanish ambassador Enrique Dupuy de Lôme insulting President McKinley; its publication heightened tensions with Spain

1898 war in which the United States defeated Spain, gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, and brought Cuba under strong U.S. influence

1898 declaration that the United States would not annex Cuba and would leave the island to its people after restoring peace

Treaty ending the war: Spain relinquished Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States, and ceded the Philippines for $20 million

Supreme Court decisions holding that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all residents of newly acquired U.S. territories

1901 measure limiting Cuban sovereignty, authorizing U.S. intervention, and requiring land for naval bases, including Guantánamo Bay

1899–1902 war in which the United States defeated Filipino nationalists seeking independence and established American colonial rule

John Hay’s policy asking foreign powers to preserve equal commercial access to China and respect China’s territorial integrity

Chinese uprising against foreign influence and Christian missions that the United States helped an international expedition suppress in 1900

Theodore Roosevelt’s policy of pursuing diplomatic goals while maintaining enough military power to make threats of force credible

United States-built waterway across Panama, opened in 1914 after Roosevelt supported Panamanian independence, that linked the Atlantic and Pacific and strengthened American trade and naval power

Theodore Roosevelt’s extension of the Monroe Doctrine claiming a U.S. right to intervene in Latin American nations to prevent European involvement and preserve regional order

Taft’s policy of using American investment and financial influence to advance U.S. economic and strategic interests abroad, especially in Latin America and China

Wilson’s policy of favoring governments he considered democratic and moral while using economic pressure and military intervention against others

1890s–1920 reform era that used investigation, organization, expertise, and active government to address problems of industrial and urban society

Progressive investigative journalists who exposed political corruption, social injustice, and abuses of economic power

Reformer whose How the Other Half Lives used writing and photography to expose poverty and unsanitary New York tenements

Muckraker whose The Shame of the Cities exposed bribery, business influence, and urban political corruption

Muckraker whose History of the Standard Oil Company exposed the company’s monopolistic and predatory practices

Socialist author of The Jungle, whose account of meatpacking exploitation and filth helped inspire federal food-safety laws

Jane Addams cofounded Hull House, a Chicago settlement house that served immigrants and promoted social welfare, investigation, and urban reform

Movement applying Christian ethics to poverty, inequality, and other social problems

Process allowing citizens to place a proposed law directly on the ballot

Process allowing voters to approve or reject legislation directly

Process allowing voters to remove an elected official before the end of the official’s term

Election in which voters, rather than party leaders, choose a party’s nominees

System using time-and-motion studies, divided tasks, and standardized procedures to maximize worker efficiency and managerial control

La Follette’s policy of using University of Wisconsin experts to research and design state reforms

Theodore Roosevelt’s program promising fair treatment for business, labor, and the public through regulation and active federal mediation

Roosevelt antitrust case resulting in the 1904 dissolution of a powerful railroad holding company

1906 law expanding the Interstate Commerce Commission’s authority to regulate railroad rates

1906 law requiring federal inspection and sanitary standards in meat-processing facilities

1906 law prohibiting adulterated or fraudulently labeled food and medicine

Conservation favored scientific, sustainable use of resources; preservation sought to protect wilderness from commercial development

Conservationist and first U.S. Forest Service chief who favored scientific management for long-term public use of resources

Preservationist and Sierra Club leader who sought to protect wilderness for its spiritual, aesthetic, and ecological value

Interracial organization founded in 1909 that used litigation, publicity, and activism against lynching and discrimination

1913 amendment authorizing a federal income tax

1913 amendment establishing direct popular election of United States senators

1919 amendment prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquor

1920 amendment prohibiting denial of voting rights on the basis of sex, though racial barriers still restricted many women

Roosevelt’s New Nationalism accepted large corporations but demanded strong federal regulation and social welfare, while Wilson’s New Freedom initially sought to restore competition through tariff, banking, and antitrust reform

1913 law creating regional Federal Reserve banks under federal supervision to manage currency, credit, and banking instability

1914 law creating the Federal Trade Commission to investigate and prohibit unfair business practices

1914 law strengthening antitrust enforcement and limiting the use of antitrust law and injunctions against labor unions

Wilson’s 1914 policy of staying out of the European war while urging Americans to remain impartial in thought and action

British passenger liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, killing about 1,198 people including 128 Americans and intensifying the submarine dispute

German policy of sinking neutral and enemy shipping without warning; its resumption in February 1917 was the immediate cause of U.S. entry

German proposal that Mexico join a war against the United States in return for help recovering lost territory; its publication intensified anti-German opinion

Law requiring eligible men to register for military service, producing about 2.8 million drafted soldiers for the wartime army

U.S. forces sent to Europe under John J. Pershing that fought mainly as an independent national army during 1918

Wilson’s 1918 peace program calling for open diplomacy, freer trade and seas, reduced armaments, national adjustment, and a League of Nations

Principle that national peoples should choose their own governments and political status, applied unevenly in the postwar settlement

1919 peace treaty that punished Germany, redrew borders, restricted German arms, required reparations, and created the League of Nations

International organization proposed by Wilson to preserve peace through collective security; the United States never joined it

Henry Cabot Lodge led reservationist senators who would accept the Treaty of Versailles only with conditions protecting U.S. sovereignty and Congress’s authority to decide on war

Bernard Baruch’s agency that coordinated wartime production, allocated raw materials, set priorities, standardized products, and advised businesses on prices

George Creel's federal propaganda agency, which used speeches, films, pamphlets, and posters to build support for the war

Government bonds sold through patriotic campaigns to finance most of the American war effort

Law banning interference with military recruitment or operations and allowing allegedly disloyal publications to be barred from the mail

Amendment to the Espionage Act that criminalized disloyal or abusive language about the government, flag, or armed forces

1919 Supreme Court decision upholding an Espionage Act conviction and permitting restrictions on speech posing a clear and present danger

Movement of African Americans from the South to northern, midwestern, and western cities for industrial opportunities and escape from Jim Crow, though they continued to face discrimination and racial violence

1919–1920 fear that communists, anarchists, socialists, immigrant radicals, and militant labor groups threatened revolution

Federal raids of 1919–1920 that arrested thousands of suspected radicals without proper safeguards and deported hundreds of noncitizens

Production method in which a product moves past workstations while each worker repeatedly performs one specialized task

Ford’s standardized, mass-produced automobile whose falling price helped make car ownership available to millions of Americans

Widespread purchasing of standardized consumer goods made possible by lower prices, advertising, rising productivity, and consumer credit

“Buy now, pay later” purchasing through a down payment and regular payments, expanding consumption while increasing household debt

Radio and cinema created shared national experiences by delivering news, advertising, music, films, celebrities, fashions, and images of modern life to mass audiences

1920s flowering of African American art, literature, and music that expressed Black identity and pride and challenged degrading stereotypes

Name for the 1920s emphasizing jazz, mass entertainment, consumerism, urban modernity, changing social behavior, and conflict between modern and traditional values

Harlem Renaissance ideal emphasizing Black pride, cultural self-definition, and rejection of submissive roles imposed by white society

Marcus Garvey led the UNIA in promoting Black pride, economic self-sufficiency, Pan-African solidarity, independent institutions, and sometimes emigration to Africa

Symbolic young urban woman with modern dress and more independent social behavior, representing changing gender roles more than most women's actual lives

Post-World War I writers, including Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, who expressed disillusionment and criticized materialism and conformity

Fundamentalists defended biblical authority and often literal creation, while religious modernists sought to reconcile Christianity with science and historical scholarship

1925 test case in which John Scopes was convicted of teaching human evolution; his conviction was later overturned on a technicality without invalidating Tennessee's law

National 1920s movement promoting white Protestant supremacy, immigration restriction, Prohibition, and hostility toward Black people, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and radicals

Italian immigrant anarchists executed for a Massachusetts murder amid widespread claims that nativist and anti-radical prejudice denied them a fair trial

Limited annual immigration from each European country to generally 3% of the foreign-born population from that country recorded in the 1910 census

Set European quotas at generally 2% of each nationality's foreign-born U.S. population in 1890, favoring northern and western Europeans and effectively excluding Japanese immigrants

Prohibition nationally banned the production, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquor, while the Volstead Act defined intoxicating liquor and provided federal enforcement

Harding-era corruption scandal in which Interior Secretary Albert Fall secretly leased federal oil reserves to private companies in exchange for bribes

Purchasing stock with a small down payment and borrowed funds, magnifying losses and forced selling when prices fell

October 29, 1929, when panic selling culminated in severe stock-market losses during the crash

Severe economic collapse beginning in 1929, reaching its low point in 1933 with about 25% unemployment, and ending fully only with World War II mobilization

The 1930 law raising U.S. import duties to historic levels, provoking retaliation and further reducing international trade and American exports

Drought and wind erosion on overplowed Great Plains farmland that ruined farms and intensified Depression-era poverty and migration

A shantytown built by homeless people during the Depression and named sarcastically for President Herbert Hoover

Hoover’s belief that voluntary cooperation, private initiative, and local relief should address economic problems without extensive direct federal aid to individuals

Hoover’s 1932 agency that lent federal money to banks, railroads, insurers, and other institutions to stabilize credit

World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 for early bonus payments and were forcibly removed by troops under Douglas MacArthur

President who responded to the Great Depression with the experimental federal programs and reforms collectively called the New Deal

Roosevelt’s programs using federal power for relief, recovery, and reform while preserving a regulated capitalist economy

Immediate aid for the distressed, economic revival, and structural changes intended to prevent future crises

The First emphasized emergency stabilization and business cooperation; the Second emphasized social insurance, public employment, labor rights, and regulation

Roosevelt’s temporary nationwide closure of banks during the March 1933 banking crisis to halt withdrawals before sound banks reopened

Authorized federal inspection of banks and the reopening of those judged financially sound, helping stop bank runs

The Glass–Steagall Act separated commercial from investment banking and created the FDIC to insure deposits, reduce bank runs, and restore confidence

Employed young unmarried men in conservation work while providing housing, food, and wages sent partly to their families

Paid farmers to reduce production so agricultural prices and farm income would rise, often benefiting landowners over tenants

Regional authority that built dams, controlled floods, improved navigation, conserved soil, and supplied inexpensive hydroelectric power

The 1933 law that created the NRA and PWA and recognized workers’ organizing and bargaining rights in Section 7(a)

Funded large, long-term construction projects such as dams, schools, hospitals, bridges, and public buildings

Agency created in 1934 to regulate securities markets and curb manipulation, insider abuses, and misleading sales

The largest New Deal work-relief program, employing millions to construct public facilities and perform cultural work

The Wagner Act protected private-sector organizing and collective bargaining rights, while the NLRB supervised union elections and enforced those protections

Created payroll-tax-funded old-age insurance, federal-state unemployment insurance, and assistance for selected vulnerable groups

Huey Long criticized concentrated wealth and promoted Share Our Wealth, which proposed heavy taxes on large fortunes to guarantee minimum household wealth and income

Proposal for federal pensions to elderly Americans who would spend the money quickly, reducing poverty and stimulating demand

Radio priest who attacked banks, broke with Roosevelt, and increasingly promoted inflationary, nationalist, antisemitic, and authoritarian ideas

Roosevelt’s failed 1937 proposal to add up to six Supreme Court justices, intended to produce a pro-New Deal majority

The AFL traditionally organized skilled workers by craft; the CIO organized all workers in mass-production industries regardless of skill

Democratic alliance of workers, unions, farmers, white southerners, northern Black voters, immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and reformers

The belief that federal regulation and social provision are necessary to protect meaningful freedom and economic security in an industrial society

A system in which the federal government regulates capitalism and reduces insecurity without replacing private property, markets, or private employment

1921–1922 U.S.-led conference that limited naval armaments and addressed Pacific disputes through the Five-, Four-, and Nine-Power Treaties

1924 arrangement in which U.S. banks loaned Germany money to pay Allied reparations, allowing Britain and France to repay U.S. war debts

1928 pact negotiated by Frank Kellogg and Aristide Briand that renounced war but provided no effective enforcement mechanism

Opposition to binding security commitments and direct participation in foreign wars, not complete diplomatic or economic withdrawal

Franklin Roosevelt’s policy of renouncing armed intervention in Latin America and emphasizing consultation, trade, and diplomatic cooperation

1934–1936 Senate investigation whose hearings encouraged the belief that bankers and arms makers had drawn the United States into World War I for profit

Congressional laws restricting arms sales, loans, and other relations with belligerents to prevent another path into war like that of World War I.

Policy requiring belligerents to pay cash for permitted U.S. goods and transport them in their own ships

Leading noninterventionist organization formed in 1940 to support national defense while opposing steps likely to bring the United States into war

1941 law authorizing Roosevelt to provide defense materials to countries whose defense he considered vital to the United States

1941 Roosevelt–Churchill statement supporting self-determination, freer trade, economic cooperation, freedom of the seas, and collective security

Japan’s December 7, 1941 attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Hawaii, which ended the intervention debate and brought the United States into World War II.

The Axis coalition consisted chiefly of Germany, Italy, and Japan, while the Allies were led by the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China

Wartime agency that set production priorities, allocated scarce materials, and converted factories from civilian to military production

Government distribution of scarce civilian goods through stamps or points so strategic materials could be reserved for military use

Symbol of women performing industrial war work traditionally classified as male, especially in aircraft and shipbuilding plants

Black newspaper campaign demanding victory over fascism abroad and victory over racism at home

Executive Order 8802 prohibited racial discrimination in federal and defense employment and created the FEPC to investigate violations, though the committee had limited enforcement power

U.S.-Mexican temporary labor program begun in 1942 that recruited Mexican workers mainly for agriculture and railroads, often under exploitative conditions

Wartime movement of African Americans from the rural South to industrial centers in the North, Midwest, and West

Roosevelt’s 1942 order authorizing military exclusion zones, which became the basis for removing Japanese Americans from the West Coast

Forced removal and confinement of about 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry, most without individual evidence of disloyalty and about two-thirds U.S. citizens

1944 Supreme Court decision upholding the exclusion of Japanese Americans as a claimed wartime military measure

The 1944 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act provided veterans with education and training benefits, unemployment assistance, and federally guaranteed home and business loans

Allied policy of prioritizing Germany’s defeat while containing and gradually rolling back Japan

June 1942 carrier battle in which American aircraft sank four Japanese carriers, halting expansion and shifting the strategic initiative

Strategy of capturing selected Pacific islands for bases and airfields while bypassing and isolating heavily fortified Japanese positions

June 6, 1944 Allied invasion of Normandy that established a western front and began the liberation of France

Nazi Germany’s systematic persecution and murder of about six million European Jews, alongside Roma, people with disabilities, and other targeted groups

Secret American military-scientific program that developed the first atomic bombs during World War II.

U.S. atomic attacks on Hiroshima (Little Boy, August 6) and Nagasaki (Fat Man, August 9) hastened Japan’s surrender and sparked enduring debate over mass civilian death

February 1945 meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin that established occupation plans for Germany, secured Soviet entry against Japan, promised free elections in liberated Europe, and settled UN voting arrangements

July–August 1945 meeting of Truman, Stalin, and Churchill and then Attlee that confirmed Germany’s occupation and restructuring while disputes over reparations and Eastern Europe exposed the weakening alliance

International organization founded in 1945 to maintain peace, provide a forum for diplomacy, promote international cooperation, and encourage respect for human rights; U.S. membership marked sustained international engagement

Postwar monetary system created in 1944 with fixed exchange rates tied to the dollar and U.S. conversion of foreign governments’ dollars into gold at $35 per ounce