AP®︎ US History: Topic 4.12 Flashcards

A system in which enslaved people were legally treated as inheritable property that could be bought, sold, leased, mortgaged, or transferred

The forced sale and migration of enslaved people from the Upper South to the expanding cotton regions of the Deep South, often separating families

Gang labor kept workers under continuous group supervision, while task labor assigned daily work that could leave limited time after completion

Southern laws controlling enslaved people through restrictions on movement, assembly, literacy, legal rights, and other activities

African American religious songs expressing faith, suffering, hope, community, and sometimes concealed ideas of liberation

The independent religious world enslaved African Americans created within or beyond white-controlled churches, emphasizing equality, justice, and deliverance

Actions such as slowing work, feigning illness, damaging tools, learning secretly, preserving culture, negotiating privileges, or escaping to limit an enslaver’s control

A loose network of routes, safe places, free Black communities, abolitionists, and vigilance committees that assisted some freedom seekers

Federal law authorizing interstate recovery of alleged fugitives, endangering both escaped enslaved people and free African Americans vulnerable to kidnapping

Gabriel, an enslaved Virginia blacksmith, planned an 1800 seizure of Richmond inspired by revolutionary ideals, but informants exposed it and he was executed

An alleged 1822 Charleston uprising that authorities accused free Black carpenter Denmark Vesey of organizing; officials executed Vesey and 34 others and tightened restrictions on Black life

The deadliest U.S. revolt by enslaved people, led by enslaved preacher Nat Turner in Virginia in 1831; it killed about 55 white people and prompted violent reprisals and tighter controls on Black preaching, assembly, movement, and literacy

Northern policies that ended slavery slowly, often freeing children born after a set date only after lengthy periods of service

African Americans legally free from individual enslavers but generally denied equal voting, educational, occupational, legal, and civil rights

A mutual-aid organization founded in Philadelphia in 1787 by Richard Allen and Absalom Jones to support the independent Black community

Black religious leader who helped found the Free African Society, established Bethel Church, and became the AME Church’s first bishop

Independent Black denomination organized in 1816 with Richard Allen as its first bishop, supporting worship, education, relief, abolition, and community organizing

Black community organizations that assisted members during illness, funded burials, supported widows and orphans, and sustained schools

Black activist who publicly advocated education, economic independence, moral reform, and resistance to racial subordination in the early 1830s

Black-led activism using speeches, petitions, publications, conventions, boycotts, testimony, and aid to fugitives to pursue abolition and equal citizenship

The first African American–owned and operated U.S. newspaper, founded in 1827 by Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm to let Black Americans plead their own cause

An interstate Black political movement begun in Philadelphia in 1830 to address abolition, education, employment, migration, civil rights, and collective advancement

Black abolitionist who wrote the 1829 Appeal, invoking Christianity and the Declaration of Independence to condemn slavery, assert Black equality, and warn of resistance

David Walker’s 1829 pamphlet denouncing slavery and racism, asserting Black equality, and warning that continued oppression would provoke resistance

Formerly enslaved abolitionist who escaped in 1838 and became a leading lecturer, author, and newspaper publisher for abolition and equal rights

Douglass’s 1845 autobiography exposing slavery’s violence, family separation, deprivation, and suppression of literacy while refuting racist claims

Frederick Douglass’s newspaper, begun in 1847, that provided an independent Black platform for abolition and equal rights

Organization founded in 1816 that promoted removing free African Americans to Africa and helped establish Liberia

The proposal to resettle free African Americans outside the United States, rejected by most Black leaders as a denial of their American citizenship

Thomas R. Gray’s account based on jail interviews with Nat Turner, providing evidence of Turner’s religious motives but mediated through a white editor