AP®︎ US History: Topic 7.8 Flashcards

First census showing an urban majority: about 51.2% of Americans lived in urban places, marking the shift toward an urban-industrial society

Modernists embraced science, urban culture, and changing social practices; traditionalists defended older religious teachings, social hierarchies, gender roles, and rural values

Movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern, midwestern, and western cities for jobs and greater freedom, despite continued racism and segregation

In 1921, a white mob destroyed much of Greenwood, Tulsa's prosperous Black district, illustrating violent resistance to successful Black urban communities

Civil rights organization that pursued integration and legal equality and campaigned against segregation and lynching

Federal anti-lynching proposal that passed the House in 1922 but was defeated by southern senators

1920s flowering of African American art, literature, and music that expressed Black identity and pride and challenged degrading stereotypes

Harlem Renaissance ideal emphasizing Black pride, cultural self-definition, and rejection of submissive roles imposed by white society

Black intellectual who popularized the New Negro ideal in his 1925 anthology The New Negro

Harlem Renaissance poet who used Black speech, blues rhythms, working-class life, and racial pride in his writing

Harlem Renaissance artist whose modernist silhouettes, geometric designs, and African imagery reconstructed Black history and migration

Music rooted in African American blues and ragtime that gained national popularity through clubs, recordings, radio, and touring performers

Limited annual immigration from each European country to generally 3% of the foreign-born population from that country recorded in the 1910 census

Set European quotas at generally 2% of each nationality's foreign-born U.S. population in 1890, favoring northern and western Europeans and effectively excluding Japanese immigrants

Italian immigrant anarchists executed for a Massachusetts murder amid widespread claims that nativist and anti-radical prejudice denied them a fair trial

National 1920s movement promoting white Protestant supremacy, immigration restriction, Prohibition, and hostility toward Black people, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and radicals

National ban on producing, selling, and transporting intoxicating liquor that reduced consumption but encouraged illegal markets, corruption, and organized crime

Ratified in 1919, it prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquor but not possession or consumption

Federal law that defined intoxicating liquor and provided enforcement for the Eighteenth Amendment beginning in 1920

Drys supported Prohibition, while wets opposed it as an intrusion on personal freedom and customary social practices

Chicago crime boss whose organization became the best-known example of organized crime profiting from illegal liquor during Prohibition

Fundamentalists defended biblical authority and often literal creation, while religious modernists sought to reconcile Christianity with science and historical scholarship

Tennessee law prohibiting public school teachers from teaching that humans evolved from lower forms of life

1925 test case in which John Scopes was convicted of teaching human evolution; his conviction was later overturned on a technicality without invalidating Tennessee's law

Former Democratic presidential candidate and fundamentalist who prosecuted John Scopes and opposed teaching human evolution

Celebrated agnostic defense attorney who represented John Scopes and publicly questioned Bryan about biblical interpretation

Amendment proposed in 1923 to prohibit legal distinctions based on sex, dividing feminists over equal treatment versus protective labor laws

Symbolic young urban woman with modern dress and more independent social behavior, representing changing gender roles more than most women's actual lives

Post-World War I writers, including Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, who expressed disillusionment and criticized materialism and conformity

Granted U.S. citizenship to all U.S.-born Native Americans not already citizens without ending dispossession, assimilation, tribal sovereignty, or voting barriers

Herbert Hoover defeated Al Smith as rural Protestant opposition to Smith contrasted with his strong support among urban immigrant voters

Catholic, urban, anti-Prohibition Democratic nominee in 1928 who attracted immigrant voters but faced intense rural Protestant opposition

Hostility toward immigrants and foreign influences that helped produce immigration quotas, Asian exclusion, and anti-radical campaigns in the 1920s

Black nationalist leader who promoted racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, Pan-African solidarity, independent institutions, and sometimes emigration to Africa

Garvey's mass organization promoting Black pride, economic self-sufficiency, global solidarity, and independent Black power

Theory that hereditary differences divided people into superior and inferior groups, used to support racial hierarchy and immigration restriction

Use of supposedly scientific claims about hereditary racial superiority and inferiority to justify prejudice and exclusion

Women's rights activist who led the National Woman's Party and promoted the Equal Rights Amendment after suffrage

Women's rights organization led by Alice Paul that proposed the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923

Birth-control advocate who promoted access to contraception and founded the organization that became the American Birth Control League in 1921

Lost Generation writer who criticized materialism and explored the limits of the American dream in The Great Gatsby

Fitzgerald's 1925 novel using wealth and social ambition to criticize materialism and examine the limits of the American dream