AP®︎ US History: Topic 8.7 Flashcards

Post–World War II collapse of European empires and creation of independent nations across Africa and Asia

Movements seeking independence, control of resources, and freedom from foreign rule, which Americans sometimes misidentified as Soviet communism

1955 meeting of Asian and African states that opposed colonialism and promoted independence from the Cold War blocs

Organization founded in 1961 by countries seeking independence from both Cold War blocs while accepting aid from either side

Cold War term originally describing countries aligned with neither the American-led First World nor the Soviet-led Second World

Kennedy program established in 1961 that used technical assistance and personal contact to build American influence in developing nations

Post-independence crisis in which the United States and Belgium opposed Lumumba and the United States later supported the authoritarian anti-communist Mobutu

Congolese prime minister viewed as a communist threat after seeking Soviet aid; killed in 1961 by opponents with Belgian involvement

Authoritarian and corrupt anti-communist ruler of Congo supported by the United States after Lumumba’s removal

Elected Guatemalan president whose land reform threatened United Fruit holdings before the CIA-backed 1954 coup removed him

1954 CIA operation using exiles, propaganda, and psychological warfare to overthrow Árbenz and install an authoritarian anti-communist regime

Cuban revolutionary who overthrew Batista, nationalized American property, and aligned Cuba with the Soviet Union

Castro’s 1959 overthrow of Batista, followed by land redistribution, nationalization, and Cuba’s alignment with the Soviet Union

Failed 1961 CIA-backed invasion by Cuban exiles that strengthened Castro, embarrassed Kennedy, and pushed Cuba closer to the USSR.

1962 confrontation resolved when the USSR removed missiles from Cuba and the U.S. pledged not to invade and secretly removed missiles from Turkey

1963 treaty prohibiting nuclear tests in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater

Kennedy’s 1961 aid program promoting development, education, land reform, and democracy in Latin America, with limited results

Johnson’s 1965 deployment of over 20,000 troops to prevent a civil conflict from producing what he feared would be another Cuba

Democratically elected socialist president of Chile whom the Nixon administration covertly worked to destabilize before the 1973 coup

Chilean general who overthrew Allende in 1973 and led a repressive anti-communist dictatorship supported by the United States

Policy giving human rights greater importance by reducing support for some repressive governments without abandoning all strategic alliances

Carter’s 1977 agreements providing for the gradual transfer of the Panama Canal to Panama by the end of 1999

1947 proposal to divide Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, accepted by Jewish leaders and rejected by Arab leaders

Iranian prime minister who nationalized the British-controlled oil company and was overthrown in a 1953 CIA-British operation

CIA-British operation that overthrew Mossadegh after oil nationalization and strengthened Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Repressive, Western-oriented Iranian monarch strengthened by the 1953 coup and supported as a major American ally

Egyptian president and advocate of Arab nationalism and nonalignment who nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956

1956 crisis in which Eisenhower pressured Britain, France, and Israel to withdraw after they attacked Egypt over Nasser’s canal nationalization

1957 pledge of American economic or military aid to Middle Eastern countries threatened by international communism

Eisenhower’s 1958 deployment of about 14,000 troops to support Lebanon’s government and prevent a hostile political outcome

Organization founded in 1960 to increase petroleum-producing nations’ control over oil production and prices

1973 cutoff of oil to the United States and other supporters of Israel, demonstrating the diplomatic power of petroleum producers

Carter-mediated 1978 agreements leading to Egyptian recognition of Israel, Israeli withdrawal from Sinai, and a 1979 peace treaty

1979 overthrow of the shah that created Khomeini’s Islamic republic and ended Iran’s alliance with the United States

Religious leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution who established an anti-American Islamic republic

1979–1981 seizure of the U.S. embassy in Tehran, where 52 Americans were held for 444 days amid a failed rescue mission

1980 declaration that the United States would use force if necessary to resist outside control of the Persian Gulf

Bombers, land-based intercontinental missiles, and submarine-launched missiles designed to preserve a retaliatory nuclear force

Preventing attack by maintaining a credible ability to inflict devastating nuclear retaliation

Condition in which both superpowers could survive a first strike and retaliate, making a deliberate nuclear attack irrational

Eisenhower strategy threatening a devastating nuclear response to communist aggression rather than relying mainly on conventional forces

Kennedy strategy expanding conventional and special forces so the United States could respond without immediately using nuclear weapons

Supporters stressed deterrence and bargaining power; critics warned of accidental war, fallout, excessive costs, and weapons beyond defensive needs

Eisenhower’s term for the interconnected military, contractors, legislators, agencies, and research institutions capable of gaining unwarranted influence

First artificial satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, that alarmed Americans about Soviet scientific and missile superiority

1958 law providing federal support for mathematics, science, engineering, and foreign-language education after Sputnik

Federal space agency created in 1958 to organize the American response to Soviet advances in space

U.S.–Soviet competition for technological prestige that expanded federal research and culminated in the American Moon landing

1969 mission that landed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon, symbolizing American technological capacity and prestige

Eisenhower warned against unchecked defense influence; Kennedy emphasized active leadership and bearing burdens to defend liberty

Cold War policy of preventing further expansion of Soviet power and communist influence

Israel’s 1948 declaration of statehood, followed by Arab invasion, Israeli territorial expansion, a Palestinian refugee crisis, and no Palestinian Arab state

President Harry Truman’s nearly immediate recognition of Israel after it declared independence on May 14, 1948

President associated with massive retaliation, covert intervention in Guatemala, the Eisenhower Doctrine, and the warning against the military–industrial complex

President who authorized the Bay of Pigs invasion, managed the Cuban Missile Crisis, and promoted flexible response, the Alliance for Progress, and the Moon program

President who emphasized human rights, negotiated the Panama Canal treaties and Camp David Accords, and declared the Carter Doctrine