AP®︎ US History: Topic 6.7 Flashcards

Mechanization’s reduction of work into repetitive tasks, decreasing reliance on craft knowledge and increasing managerial control

A worker’s purchasing power; it rises when wages buy more goods and services, even if the dollar wage does not increase

Skilled workers had specialized training and greater bargaining leverage, while unskilled workers were more easily replaced

A small, crowded workplace, especially in the garment industry, where employees worked long hours for low wages

The expanding employment of poorly paid children in dangerous industrial jobs with long hours and little legal protection

Labor’s persistent demand to reduce the standard workday to eight hours

Negotiation between an employer and workers acting through a union over wages, hours, and working conditions

A collective refusal by employees to work in order to pressure an employer

A refusal to purchase, handle, or transport a company’s products in order to exert economic pressure

A work stoppage or boycott undertaken to support workers involved in a separate labor dispute

Management’s closure of a workplace or denial of employee access to defeat union demands

A worker hired or retained to replace an employee on strike

A list of union activists circulated among employers to prevent those workers from obtaining jobs

An employment contract requiring a worker to promise not to join a union

A private security agency employers hired to protect property and confront strikers, notably at Homestead

A court order stopping specified union activities, enforceable through imprisonment for contempt

Founded in 1866, the first significant postwar national labor federation promoted the eight-hour day but collapsed after the Panic of 1873

A national labor organization that attempted to unite skilled and unskilled workers, including women and Black workers, and sought broad reforms and worker-owned cooperatives before declining after failed strikes and the Haymarket backlash

Leader of the Knights of Labor who favored education, arbitration, and cooperative reform over strikes

A federation founded in 1886 that organized mainly skilled craft workers and pursued practical gains through bargaining and strikes

Longtime AFL leader who promoted craft organization and bread-and-butter gains in wages, hours, and working conditions

A union organized around a particular skilled trade, such as carpentry, printing, or cigar making

Unionism focused on attainable improvements in wages, hours, and working conditions rather than broad social transformation

The first major interstate labor uprising spread from Martinsburg after wage cuts but was defeated when federal troops reopened rail traffic

President who sent federal troops to suppress the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and restore rail traffic

An 1886 Chicago labor rally where an unknown person threw a bomb, leading the public to associate organized labor with anarchism and violence and contributing to the Knights of Labor’s decline

An 1892 strike at Carnegie Steel defeated after a Pinkerton battle, state-militia occupation, and reopening with nonunion labor

Carnegie Steel chairman who directed the Homestead lockout, hired Pinkertons, and broke the steelworkers’ union

Railcar manufacturer who cut workers’ wages during the 1893 depression without correspondingly reducing company-town rents and charges

Eugene V. Debs’s industrial railway union, which supported Pullman workers with a nationwide boycott of trains carrying Pullman cars

Leader of the American Railway Union who organized the Pullman boycott and was jailed for violating a federal injunction

An 1894 wage dispute that became a nationwide rail boycott and collapsed after a federal injunction and troops restored service

President who sent federal troops against the Pullman boycott on the grounds that it obstructed interstate commerce and the U.S. mail

Supreme Court decision upholding federal authority to obtain an injunction and intervene against the Pullman boycott to protect interstate commerce and mail delivery

A community in which a company owned workers’ housing and controlled services, increasing employees’ dependence on their employer