AP®︎ US History: Topic 6.4 Flashcards

Post-Reconstruction program for southern industrialization and investment; modernization remained limited by agricultural dependence, rural poverty, and white supremacy

Atlanta Constitution editor and leading New South spokesman who promoted industrialization, northern investment, sectional reconciliation, and continued white rule

Conservative white southern Democrats who regained state governments and dismantled Reconstruction-era Black political gains

System in which a family farmed an owner’s land and paid with a share of the crop, often becoming trapped in debt

System in which farmers rented land and supplied more of their own equipment or capital than sharecroppers, giving them greater but limited independence

Credit system in which merchants claimed a farmer’s future crop as security, encouraging cotton production and recurring debt

Practice of leasing disproportionately Black prisoners to private employers for brutal labor, linking industrial growth to racial coercion

Southern system of laws, customs, inequality, and violence that enforced racial segregation and Black subordination after Reconstruction

1883 Supreme Court decisions striking down major parts of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 because the Fourteenth Amendment restricted state, not private, discrimination

Removal of voting power through poll taxes, tests, registration barriers, white primaries, fraud, intimidation, and violence aimed chiefly at Black citizens

Fees required before voting that disfranchised many Black citizens and poor whites

Voting requirements selectively administered by white registrars to exclude African Americans

Voting exemptions for men whose ancestors had voted before the Civil War, protecting many whites while excluding most Black citizens

Democratic primary elections that barred Black voters from the decisive stage of politics in the one-party South

Mob killing without trial used to terrorize African Americans and punish political activity, economic success, or resistance to white authority

Pseudoscientific theories that ranked races biologically and supplied a modern-sounding justification for segregation and inequality

Tuskegee Institute leader who promoted vocational education, property ownership, economic self-help, and cautious accommodation to segregation

Washington’s 1895 position emphasizing Black economic and vocational progress while deferring demands for immediate social and political equality

Black journalist who investigated lynching, exposed its economic and political motives, and campaigned for protest and federal action

Black scholar who argued that vocational advancement could not replace voting rights, equal education, and full constitutional equality

1896 Supreme Court decision upholding Louisiana’s state-mandated railroad segregation and giving constitutional protection to Jim Crow

Principle that racial segregation was constitutional if the separate facilities provided were supposedly equal

Black educational institution led by Booker T. Washington that emphasized industrial and agricultural training, teacher preparation, and economic advancement