AP®︎ US History: Topic 7.6 Flashcards

Bernard Baruch’s agency that coordinated wartime production, allocated raw materials, set priorities, standardized products, and advised businesses on prices

Financier who led the War Industries Board and coordinated industrial production during World War I.

Agency that placed railroads under temporary federal control to coordinate transportation and prioritize military freight

1917 law authorizing federal management and conservation of essential food and fuel resources during the war

Herbert Hoover's agency that increased food production and promoted voluntary conservation for soldiers and the Allies

Head of the Food Administration who promoted increased production and voluntary measures such as meatless and wheatless days

Federal agency that regulated coal distribution and promoted conservation measures such as heatless Mondays and daylight saving time

Government bonds sold through patriotic campaigns to finance most of the American war effort

Samuel Gompers's union federation, which supported the war and gained a greater federal role in labor policy

AFL leader who supported World War I and cooperated with the Wilson administration in exchange for greater labor recognition

Federal board that mediated wartime labor disputes and supported organizing rights, the eight-hour day, and equal pay for equal work

Radical union that opposed the war and was severely weakened by federal prosecutions, raids, and vigilante violence

Amendment ratified in 1920 that prohibited denying voting rights on the basis of sex, aided by arguments about women's wartime service

George Creel's federal propaganda agency, which used speeches, films, pamphlets, and posters to build support for the war

Journalist who headed the Committee on Public Information and directed federal wartime propaganda

CPI volunteers who delivered brief speeches promoting enlistment, Liberty Bonds, conservation, and loyalty

Wartime attacks on German American language, culture, employment, and loyalty that pressured the group to assimilate

Wartime demand for complete patriotic and cultural conformity that treated immigrant difference as evidence of disloyalty

Volunteer organization that cooperated with the Justice Department to investigate disloyalty and conduct raids and draft checks

Law banning interference with military recruitment or operations and allowing allegedly disloyal publications to be barred from the mail

Amendment to the Espionage Act that criminalized disloyal or abusive language about the government, flag, or armed forces

Socialist leader imprisoned for an antiwar speech under wartime speech laws who ran for president from prison in 1920

1919 Supreme Court decision upholding an Espionage Act conviction and permitting restrictions on speech posing a clear and present danger

Rule from Schenck allowing speech to be restricted when its context creates a clear and present danger that Congress has authority to prevent

Supreme Court justice who wrote the Schenck opinion and introduced the clear and present danger test

Previously high European immigration fell sharply because of dangerous travel and wartime departure restrictions, worsening U.S. labor shortages

Law imposing literacy tests and creating an Asiatic Barred Zone that expanded restrictions on Asian immigration

Law limiting each nationality's annual immigration to 3 percent of its U.S. population in the 1910 census

Law using a 2 percent quota based on the 1890 census, favoring northern and western Europeans and effectively barring Japanese immigration

War-production jobs drew Americans to industrial cities, accelerating urbanization while worsening housing shortages and social tensions

Movement of African Americans from the South to northern, midwestern, and western cities for industrial opportunities and escape from Jim Crow, though they continued to face discrimination and racial violence

Black newspaper that encouraged the Great Migration by publishing job information, train schedules, success stories, and attacks on southern racism

Wave of racial violence in numerous cities as white mobs attacked Black communities amid postwar job, housing, and racial tensions

Mexicans fleeing revolutionary disruption moved to U.S. farms, mines, railroads, and industries for wartime jobs and higher wages but faced segregation and hostility

1919–1920 fear that communists, anarchists, socialists, immigrant radicals, and militant labor groups threatened revolution

Federal raids of 1919–1920 that arrested thousands of suspected radicals without proper safeguards and deported hundreds of noncitizens

Attorney general who organized the Palmer Raids after anarchist bombings and promoted fears of an imminent revolutionary uprising

Young Justice Department official who headed the General Intelligence Division and collected information on radicals during the Red Scare

Labor shortages opened new industrial and clerical jobs to women, though many lost those positions after the war and opportunities remained unequal by race

Treasury secretary who directed the United States Railroad Administration during the federal wartime takeover of the railroads