AP®︎ US History: Topic 8.10 Flashcards

Disruptive but nonviolent protest—such as sit-ins, boycotts, marches, and civil disobedience—used to expose injustice and force negotiation or federal action

SCLC leader who used Christian ethics, Gandhian nonviolence, and mass direct action to pursue integration, equal citizenship, and economic justice

Black church-based organization led by King that conducted mass nonviolent campaigns against segregation and disfranchisement

Civil rights organization that used litigation to invalidate segregation and voting discrimination, though enforcement depended on public officials

Interracial direct-action organization that organized the 1961 Freedom Rides and later moved toward Black Power

Student-led organization founded in 1960 that emphasized grassroots voter organizing before moving toward Black Power and Black autonomy

Grassroots organizer who encouraged sit-in activists to form an independent SNCC with decentralized, participatory leadership

1960 student protests at a whites-only Woolworth lunch counter that spread across the South, helped desegregate lunch counters, and led to the formation of SNCC.

1961 interracial bus rides organized by CORE and continued by SNCC that exposed defiance of desegregation rulings and forced federal enforcement

SNCC organizer who helped continue the Freedom Rides after mob violence threatened to end the campaign

1960 Supreme Court decision prohibiting segregation in facilities connected to interstate bus travel, later tested by the Freedom Riders

Black student whose 1962 enrollment at the University of Mississippi required federal marshals and troops over state resistance

SCLC’s 1963 campaign against segregation and employment discrimination whose televised repression generated national outrage and support for federal legislation

King’s 1963 defense of immediate nonviolent direct action, constructive tension, and civil disobedience against unjust laws

Birmingham public safety commissioner whose use of dogs, clubs, and fire hoses against demonstrators created national outrage

Youth demonstrations during the Birmingham Campaign whose violent suppression by police helped turn national opinion against segregation

1963 white supremacist bombing in Birmingham that killed four Black girls and exposed the deadly persistence of resistance to integration

Peaceful 1963 demonstration of about 250,000 people that linked civil rights with economic justice and built support for federal legislation

King’s March on Washington speech calling for integration and equal citizenship through nonviolence and fulfillment of America’s founding promises

President whose initially cautious administration enforced desegregation during major crises and proposed comprehensive civil rights legislation in 1963

President who used federal power and movement momentum to secure the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965

Federal law banning discrimination in public accommodations and employment, strengthening school desegregation, and authorizing federal enforcement and funding pressure

Federal agency created by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to combat employment discrimination

1964 Supreme Court decision upholding the Civil Rights Act’s public-accommodations provisions under Congress’s commerce power

1964 constitutional amendment prohibiting poll taxes in federal elections

1964 Mississippi campaign that registered Black voters, operated Freedom Schools, and drew national attention to violent political exclusion

Alternative Mississippi political party that challenged the state’s all-white Democratic delegation in 1964 and rejected an inadequate two-seat compromise

Mississippi organizer whose televised MFDP testimony exposed the violence and economic retaliation used to suppress Black voting

1965 SCLC and SNCC campaign that exposed systematic Black disfranchisement and generated pressure for national voting-rights legislation

March 7, 1965 attack on peaceful Selma-to-Montgomery marchers that shocked television audiences and accelerated voting-rights legislation

Federal law banning literacy tests, authorizing federal voter registration, and requiring preclearance in covered jurisdictions, rapidly increasing Black registration

Johnson’s 1965 order requiring federal contractors to take affirmative action against employment discrimination

Policies requiring proactive steps to counter discrimination and expand opportunity rather than merely prohibiting unequal treatment

1966 Supreme Court decision ruling that poll taxes in state elections violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause

1967 Supreme Court decision invalidating state laws prohibiting interracial marriage

1968 Supreme Court decision upholding federal power to prohibit racial discrimination in private property transactions

1971 Supreme Court decision approving busing and other broad remedies to dismantle segregated public school systems

1974 Supreme Court decision restricting metropolitan desegregation remedies unless discrimination across district lines could be proven

De jure segregation was required by law; de facto segregation persisted through housing, economics, district boundaries, private practices, and public policy

1965 Los Angeles unrest reflecting anger over police brutality, poverty, unemployment, and segregation that federal civil rights laws had not resolved

Johnson-appointed commission that blamed urban unrest on white racism and warned in 1968 of two separate and unequal societies

King and the SCLC’s 1966 campaign against residential segregation and housing discrimination, which met fierce resistance and achieved limited immediate results

King’s planned campaign to pressure the federal government for jobs, income, and housing as matters of economic justice

Black nationalist leader who promoted racial pride, autonomy, economic independence, international human rights, and armed self-defense rather than passive acceptance of violence

Black nationalist religious organization that advocated racial separation and economic independence and made Malcolm X a prominent national spokesman

Ideology emphasizing Black self-determination, racial pride, independent institutions, economic autonomy, and often separation from white-controlled society

Post-1965 call for racial pride, independent Black political power, community control, economic autonomy, and sometimes armed self-defense

SNCC leader who popularized the slogan Black Power during the 1966 March Against Fear

Black nationalist and revolutionary socialist organization advocating armed self-defense, community control, economic justice, and survival programs such as free breakfasts

King’s April 4, 1968 murder while supporting Memphis sanitation workers prompted nationwide unrest and accelerated fair-housing legislation

Federal law prohibiting racial discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing, though initial enforcement remained limited

Alabama governor who resisted desegregation and attempted to block Black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama in 1963

Wallace’s 1963 attempt to block Black students from the University of Alabama, ended when Kennedy federalized the Alabama National Guard

Cofounder of the Black Panther Party who promoted armed self-defense, community control, and programs addressing Black communities’ material needs

Cofounder of the Black Panther Party who promoted armed self-defense, community control, and community survival programs

SNCC leader and voting-rights activist who was beaten while marching from Selma to Montgomery on Bloody Sunday

Civil rights organization that emphasized employment and economic opportunity for African Americans