AP®︎ US History: Topic 8.13 Flashcards

Broad movement linking pollution, public health, wildlife, and finite resources, using activism and federal regulation to protect interconnected ecosystems

1969 offshore drilling blowout that polluted California beaches, killed wildlife, and energized opposition to unrestricted offshore drilling

Highly publicized 1969 fire fueled by oil and industrial waste in an Ohio river, symbolizing uncontrolled water pollution

First held April 22, 1970; mobilized about 20 million Americans and demonstrated that environmentalism had become a mainstream national movement

Wisconsin senator who conceived the first Earth Day as a national environmental teach-in

1970 law requiring federal agencies to study and disclose the environmental effects of major federal actions before proceeding

NEPA-required analysis of a major federal action's likely environmental effects and alternatives; it informs review but does not automatically prohibit a project

Federal agency created by Nixon in 1970 to consolidate and enforce national regulation of air, water, pesticides, chemicals, and other hazards

President who signed NEPA, created the EPA, supported major environmental regulation, and launched Project Independence after the 1973 oil crisis

Authorized national air-quality standards and required state plans plus emissions controls for industries and motor vehicles

1972 law restricting pollutant discharges, requiring permits for point sources, and funding municipal sewage-treatment facilities

1973 law protecting threatened and endangered species and habitats, even when protection could halt development projects

1974 law authorizing national health standards for public drinking-water systems

1976 law authorizing the EPA to gather information about industrial chemicals and regulate those presenting unreasonable risks

1976 law establishing federal control of solid and hazardous waste from creation through transport, treatment, storage, and final disposal

New York neighborhood built near a chemical dump where leaking toxins and resident activism led to evacuations and demands for federal cleanup

Love Canal resident who organized affected families and used media and political pressure to secure federal action and relocation assistance

1980 law funding federal cleanup of abandoned hazardous-waste sites and seeking cleanup costs from responsible parties

1968 law protecting selected free-flowing rivers from development that would destroy their scenic or ecological character

1968 law creating a national network of scenic and recreational trails

1973 law facilitating an oil pipeline from Alaska's North Slope to Valdez to expand domestic energy production

1980 law protecting more than 100 million acres of Alaska through parks, refuges, wilderness areas, and other designations

Arab oil exporters embargoed the United States after it aided Israel, quadrupling oil prices, causing shortages and gasoline lines, and contributing to inflation and recession

Nixon's 1973 initiative calling for conservation and greater domestic production to reduce reliance on imported energy

1974 measure encouraging states to adopt a 55-mile-per-hour maximum speed limit to conserve fuel

1975 law establishing automobile fuel-economy requirements and an emergency federal petroleum stockpile

Federal requirements that automobile manufacturers improve the average fuel efficiency of their new vehicle fleets

Emergency federal stockpile of crude oil created to reduce the effects of severe interruptions in imported petroleum

President who made energy conservation a national priority, created the Department of Energy, signed the National Energy Act, and responded to Love Canal

Cabinet department created by Carter in 1977 to coordinate federal energy planning and programs

1978 package promoting conservation and efficiency, changing natural-gas pricing and regulation, and supporting alternative energy

1979 oil disruption after the Iranian Revolution; fear and stockpiling worsened shortages and price increases, intensifying inflation and energy insecurity

Carter's July 1979 address linking the energy crisis to excessive consumption and a broader loss of national purpose; he never used the word malaise

Supporters stressed energy security and low routine air pollution; opponents stressed accident risks, radioactive waste, costs, and regulatory difficulties

1979 Pennsylvania nuclear accident involving a partial core meltdown that caused no established immediate radiation deaths but intensified opposition and safety regulation

Environmental activist who coordinated the first Earth Day in 1970