AP®︎ US History: Topic 3.10 Flashcards

First president; established cabinet, executive, neutrality, law-enforcement, and two-term precedents that legitimized the new federal government

Washington’s advisory body of executive department heads, including Thomas Jefferson at State and Alexander Hamilton at Treasury

Created federal district and circuit courts beneath the Supreme Court and initially set the Supreme Court at six justices

The first ten amendments, principally drafted by James Madison and ratified in 1791 to protect individual liberties

Washington’s treasury secretary and Federalist leader who promoted public credit, a national bank, commerce, manufacturing, and broad federal power

Plan to fund federal debt, assume state debts, raise revenue, and establish a national bank to build credit and strengthen the federal government

Hamilton’s policy of paying federal securities at full face value to establish public credit, despite criticism that it rewarded speculators

Hamilton’s plan for the federal government to take over remaining state Revolutionary War debts, strengthening national authority and binding creditors to it

Jefferson and Madison accepted assumption of state debts while Hamilton’s allies supported locating the permanent national capital on the Potomac

Federally chartered bank created in 1791 to hold deposits, transfer funds, issue notes, and provide credit

Jefferson limited federal power to what the Constitution expressly authorized; Hamilton allowed implied powers through the necessary and proper clause

Western Pennsylvania resistance to the whiskey excise that Washington suppressed with militia in 1794, demonstrating federal power to enforce laws

Federal law requiring federal approval for purchases of Native land, even as settlers and states frequently ignored its restrictions

Alliance including Shawnee, Miami, Delaware, and other Native nations that resisted U.S. settlement north of the Ohio River

U.S. general whose army defeated the Northwest Indian Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794

Anthony Wayne’s 1794 victory over the Northwest Indian Confederacy, after which nearby British troops refused to intervene

1795 treaty forcing Native nations to cede most of present-day Ohio and other strategic lands after their defeat at Fallen Timbers

1795 agreement with Spain setting Florida’s border at the 31st parallel and granting U.S. navigation of the Mississippi and deposit rights at New Orleans

Settlements that expanded Spanish control through coerced Native labor and conversion while promoting cultural blending and some frontier social mobility

Washington’s secretary of state and Democratic-Republican leader who favored strict construction, an agrarian republic, France, and limited federal power

Principal drafter of the Bill of Rights and Democratic-Republican leader who opposed Hamilton’s program and wrote the Virginia Resolutions

Washington’s 1793 declaration that the United States would remain impartial in the war between revolutionary France and its enemies

French minister Edmond-Charles Genêt recruited American privateers and appealed to the public against neutrality, leading Washington to demand his recall

1794 agreement securing British evacuation of western forts and avoiding war but failing to end impressment or fully protect neutral shipping

The 1790s competition between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans over federal power, economic policy, foreign affairs, liberty, and public order

Party led by Hamilton and Adams favoring strong national power, loose construction, commerce, manufacturing, public order, and stable relations with Britain

Party led by Jefferson and Madison favoring limited federal power, strict construction, an agrarian republic, popular participation, and sympathy for France

Washington’s 1796 defense of national unity and warning against sectionalism, political factions, and permanent foreign alliances

Second president and Federalist who faced the XYZ Affair and Quasi-War, signed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and avoided full war with France

1797–1798 scandal in which French intermediaries demanded a bribe and loan before negotiating with U.S. diplomats, provoking anti-French anger

Undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800 following French seizures of American ships and the XYZ Affair

Agreement that ended the Quasi-War and terminated the Franco-American alliance created by the treaties of 1778

Four 1798 Federalist laws that lengthened naturalization, authorized action against certain noncitizens, and restricted opposition speech

1798 law criminalizing false, scandalous, and malicious statements intended to defame the federal government, Congress, or president, chiefly enforced against Democratic-Republicans

1798 responses by Madison and Jefferson arguing through compact theory that states could oppose unconstitutional federal laws

Theory that the states formed the federal government and could judge whether it had exceeded its delegated constitutional powers

Kentucky declared unconstitutional federal measures void through nullification, while Virginia more cautiously urged state interposition against them

Jefferson defeated Adams after the House resolved his electoral tie with Aaron Burr, producing a peaceful transfer between opposing parties

Amendment requiring electors to cast separate votes for president and vice president after the Jefferson-Burr tie of 1800

Revolution in France that led to European war and divided Americans between sympathy for France and support for neutrality and British trade

British seizure of sailors claimed as British subjects, including men aboard American ships; an issue Jay’s Treaty failed to resolve