AP®︎ US History: Topic 4.11 Flashcards

The proliferation of organized efforts from 1800 to 1848 to improve individuals, institutions, and society

Protestant revival movement emphasizing free will and individual salvation that inspired efforts to overcome sin and reform society

Interconnected network of Protestant missionary, temperance, educational, and moral-reform societies

Privately organized groups that used dues, publications, lectures, petitions, and local chapters to pursue reform

Persuading individuals and the public that a practice was sinful or unjust and should be voluntarily abandoned

Economic transformation that created social disruption and inequality while supplying reformers with transportation, printing, and middle-class resources

Confidence in human reason and the possibility of deliberately redesigning flawed institutions

Intellectual movement emphasizing emotion, individual potential, conscience, and resistance to corrupt conventions

Movement stressing individual conscience, human potential, and spiritual truth beyond established institutions

Ideology assigning men to public economic and political life and women to the domestic, religious, and moral sphere

Campaign against alcohol consumption that increasingly demanded total abstinence and linked drinking to poverty, violence, and disorder

Organization founded in 1826 that built a national temperance movement through local societies, publications, meetings, and abstinence pledges

Temperance movement founded in Baltimore in 1840 that used mutual support and testimony from working-class men recovering from alcoholism

Campaign for free, tax-supported elementary schools intended to create literate, disciplined, and responsible citizens

Massachusetts education reformer who promoted longer terms, graded instruction, better buildings, trained teachers, and common schools

Schools established to provide professional training for teachers

Widely used schoolbooks combining literacy lessons with Protestant-inflected teachings about industry, obedience, self-control, and patriotism

Women’s education reformer who founded Troy Female Seminary in 1821 to offer women advanced academic study

Women’s education reformer who opened Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1837

College notable for admitting women to its collegiate program in 1837 and for admitting African American students

Education reformer who helped establish the American School for the Deaf in Hartford in 1817

Education reformer who directed Massachusetts’s Perkins School for the Blind

Prison designed to produce penitence and rehabilitation through confinement, labor, discipline, and reflection

Pennsylvania used continuous solitary confinement; Auburn isolated prisoners at night but required silent group labor by day

Reformer who documented abuse of people with mental illness and persuaded states to fund specialized, humane hospitals

Asylum approach using orderly surroundings, regular work, calm routines, and humane supervision to encourage recovery

Experimental settlements intended to create ideal cooperative, religious, or economic alternatives to mainstream society

Religious communities practicing communal property, celibacy, disciplined labor, simple living, and unusual spiritual equality for women

British industrialist and secular reformer who founded New Harmony to replace competition and inequality with cooperation and education

Robert Owen’s 1825 Indiana community based on communal property, cooperative labor, and education; it soon collapsed from conflict and economic problems

Transcendentalist who led the founding of Brook Farm in Massachusetts in 1841

Transcendentalist community combining intellectual development with cooperative labor; financial problems and a fire helped end it in 1847

Religious perfectionist who founded the Oneida Community and taught that genuine conversion could free believers from sin

Doctrine that genuine conversion could free believers from sin and permit the creation of a perfected community

Noyes’s 1848 New York community practicing communal ownership and regulated complex marriage instead of conventional monogamy

Religious movement organized in 1830 around new scripture and close communities whose beliefs and political influence provoked intense hostility

Founder of the Latter-day Saints who published the Book of Mormon, organized the church in 1830, and was killed by a mob in 1844

Latter-day Saint leader who led many church members west beginning in 1846–1847 after Joseph Smith’s death

Antislavery meant opposition to slavery in some form; abolitionism specifically sought slavery’s elimination

Northern process that ended slavery over time, often after long terms of service, increasing the free Black population while leaving it subject to severe discrimination

Federal law requiring the return of people claimed as fugitives and exposing free African Americans to kidnapping

Organization founded in 1816 to send free African Americans to Africa, helping establish Liberia but drawing strong Black opposition

Demand that emancipation begin at once without a prolonged transition or compensation to enslavers

Black abolitionist whose 1829 Appeal condemned slavery and racial hypocrisy using Christian and Revolutionary principles

David Walker’s 1829 pamphlet denouncing slavery and exposing the contradiction between American ideals and racial oppression

Immediate abolitionist who published The Liberator, helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society, and denounced slavery as a moral sin

Immediate-abolitionist newspaper begun by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston in 1831

Organization founded in 1833 that promoted immediate abolition through lecturers, petitions, local chapters, and mass publication

Formerly enslaved abolitionist lecturer, author, and editor whose testimony exposed slavery and refuted claims of Black inferiority

Douglass’s 1845 autobiography exposing slavery’s violence, family destruction, denial of literacy, and corruption of enslavers

Antislavery newspaper Frederick Douglass began publishing in 1847

South Carolina sisters who became abolitionist lecturers and connected opposition to slavery with criticism of women’s subordination

Abolitionist organizer who, with the Grimké sisters, compiled southern evidence of slavery’s brutality in American Slavery as It Is

1839 abolitionist work using southern newspapers’ own advertisements and reports as evidence of slavery’s violence and family separation

Decentralized network of routes, homes, churches, guides, and antislavery groups that assisted people escaping slavery

House rule beginning in 1836 that automatically tabled antislavery petitions without discussion; it was repealed in 1844

Former president and Massachusetts representative who led the congressional campaign against the antislavery gag rule

Antislavery political party founded in 1840 by abolitionists who believed elections were necessary because moral suasion was insufficient

Antislavery newspaper editor killed by an Illinois mob in 1837 while defending his printing press

Legal doctrine incorporating a married woman’s identity into her husband’s and limiting her control of property, contracts, and wages

1840 London meeting where women delegates were denied full participation and where Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton met

Quaker abolitionist and women’s rights leader who helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention after facing exclusion in abolitionism

Women’s rights leader who helped organize Seneca Falls and draft its Declaration of Sentiments

First widely recognized public women’s rights convention, held in New York in 1848, which adopted the Declaration of Sentiments

Seneca Falls document declaring that all men and women are created equal and demanding reforms including woman suffrage

1848 law granting married women greater control over property they brought into marriage, weakening but not ending coverture

Reform movement that grew from women’s religious, temperance, and abolitionist work and sought legal, educational, economic, and political equality