AP®︎ US History: Topic 4.6 Flashcards

The shift from household production and semi-subsistence farming toward commercial agriculture, manufacturing, wage labor, and long-distance markets, producing migration, urbanization, new classes, and changing gender roles

Farming in which a household produced most of its own necessities and sold or exchanged only a limited surplus

The region north of the Ohio River that attracted western settlers and developed commercial farms and market towns linked to Northeastern manufacturing

Migration intensified by the Great Famine; many poor Irish settled in Northern port cities and entered low-wage construction, domestic, transportation, and factory work

The Irish famine beginning in 1845 when potato blight destroyed a staple crop, driving mass emigration to the United States

Migration by Germans of varied backgrounds; some settled in Northern cities, while others with sufficient resources established farms or businesses in Pennsylvania and the Old Northwest

The belief that native-born Americans deserved preference over immigrants, often expressed through anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic prejudice

The rapid growth of cities as manufacturing, commerce, transportation, and immigration concentrated people and jobs in urban centers

Work performed for cash wages rather than through ownership of a farm, shop, or tools, leaving workers dependent on employers and market conditions

The division of production into simple repetitive tasks that reduced the training workers needed and made them easier for employers to replace

Factory regulation of labor through clocks, bells, fixed hours, punctuality, attendance rules, and measured output

The ideal that wage earners freely chose employers and could save, acquire property, and become independent, unlike enslaved laborers

A textile-production system that combined spinning and weaving in mechanized factories and employed young unmarried women housed in supervised company boardinghouses

Young unmarried New England women who earned wages in Lowell textile mills, gaining limited independence while facing long hours and strict company discipline

An organization of female textile workers that campaigned during the 1840s for a ten-hour workday

Urban labor parties of the late 1820s and early 1830s that opposed concentrated wealth, imprisonment for debt, long hours, and unequal education

An organization founded in 1834 to unite local labor groups; it declined during the Panic of 1837

An 1842 Massachusetts ruling that unions were not inherently criminal conspiracies and could peacefully pursue lawful goals

A small wealthy class of merchants, manufacturers, bankers, and investors whose economic power brought disproportionate social and political influence

Merchants, managers, clerks, professionals, prosperous farmers, and some skilled artisans who emphasized thrift, education, respectability, self-discipline, and consumption

The ideal that an ordinary white man could gain success through talent, discipline, hard work, sobriety, and risk-taking rather than inherited privilege

A culture in which expanding production and advertising encouraged purchases of manufactured goods that increasingly expressed status and respectability

The middle-class ideal assigning men to the public world of work and politics and women to the private home, where they were expected to embody piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity

Author of A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841), which presented homemaking and childrearing as women's specialized social responsibilities

The expanding class of factory, transportation, construction, domestic, and workshop employees who depended primarily on wages

Low-paid and insecure workers whose families were especially vulnerable to unemployment, illness, overcrowding, and economic downturns

Farming specialized in crops or livestock for cash sale to distant markets, increasing dependence on transportation, credit, and market prices

A craft system in which apprentices learned under master craftsmen, became journeymen, and could hope to establish independent shops