AP®︎ US History: Topic 8.11 Flashcards

Union formed from Mexican American and Filipino farmworker organizations; used strikes, marches, and boycotts to win recognition, higher wages, and better conditions

Mexican American cofounder of the UFW who promoted nonviolence, fasting, marches, and consumer boycotts to improve farmworkers’ lives

Mexican American labor organizer who cofounded the farmworkers’ association that became the UFW and helped lead its organizing and bargaining

Filipino American labor leader whose farmworkers initiated the 1965 Delano grape strike before Chávez’s organization joined it

Mexican American movement emphasizing cultural pride, political power, educational equality, labor rights, and resistance to forced assimilation

1968 student protests against overcrowding, unequal resources, high dropout rates, and the exclusion of Mexican American history from schools

Federal law providing support for educational programs serving students with limited English proficiency

Chicano organization that opposed police brutality and inadequate schools and health care through protest and community programs

Organization founded in 1968 that used litigation to challenge discrimination in education, employment, voting, and representation

Mexican American political party founded in Texas in 1970 to build independent Chicano electoral power

Chicano leader whose New Mexico land-grant movement argued that land rights promised to Mexican residents and their descendants had been violated

Puerto Rican organization that promoted self-determination and organized around sanitation, health care, policing, and public services in northern cities

Native organization founded in Minneapolis in 1968 that fought police brutality and demanded treaty rights, tribal sovereignty, and cultural survival

1969–1971 occupation by Indians of All Tribes that invoked treaty principles and made Alcatraz a symbol of intertribal activism and cultural renewal

1972 Native protest that reached Washington, D.C., and occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs to condemn repeated federal treaty violations

AIM and Oglala Lakota’s 71-day 1973 occupation protesting federal Indian policy and the Pine Ridge reservation government

Principle that Native nations should control tribal institutions, federally funded programs, land, culture, and political affairs rather than face forced assimilation

Law allowing tribal governments to operate federally funded education and social-service programs previously administered by federal agencies

Law declaring a federal policy of protecting Native religious practices, sacred objects, and access to sacred sites, but initially providing limited enforcement

Organization founded at UC Berkeley in 1968 that popularized Asian American as a political identity and encouraged coalition building

1968–1969 multiracial student strikes at San Francisco State and UC Berkeley demanding ethnic studies and greater minority access

1974 Supreme Court decision holding that schools violated federal civil rights law when language barriers denied students meaningful access to instruction

Campaign seeking investigation, apology, and compensation for World War II incarceration; Congress created an investigative commission in 1980

1960s–1970s movement challenging gender inequality in employment, education, family life, politics, reproduction, and cultural expectations

Feminist author of The Feminine Mystique and cofounder of NOW who promoted women’s legal and institutional equality

Betty Friedan’s 1963 book describing the unspoken dissatisfaction of many middle-class suburban wives as the problem that has no name

Feminist organization founded in 1966 to pursue employment and educational equality, reproductive freedom, and the ERA.

Federal law prohibiting employers from paying men and women differently for substantially equal work

Provision banning employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, or sex and giving feminists a basis to challenge workplace discrimination

1972 law prohibiting sex discrimination in federally funded education, expanding equality in admissions, academics, employment, and athletics

Proposed amendment barring denial of equal rights on account of sex; it passed Congress in 1972 but fell three states short of ratification

Conservative activist who led opposition to the ERA by arguing that it threatened traditional gender roles and legal protections for women

Reliable oral contraception approved in 1960 that increased women’s control over pregnancy and family planning and contributed to changing sexual norms

1965 Supreme Court decision recognizing marital privacy and invalidating a state restriction on contraceptive use by married couples

1973 Supreme Court decision holding that constitutional privacy protected a woman’s decision to end a pregnancy while allowing increasing regulation as pregnancy progressed

Pre-Stonewall movement, including the Mattachine Society and Daughters of Bilitis, that cautiously pursued LGBTQ+ acceptance and legal reform

Sustained resistance following a 1969 police raid on New York’s Stonewall Inn that became a turning point and symbol of gay liberation

Post-Stonewall movement demanding open LGBTQ+ identity and liberation from discriminatory laws, police harassment, and restrictive sexual and gender norms

Removal of homosexuality from the association’s principal list of mental disorders, weakening an institutional basis for anti-gay stigma

Openly gay San Francisco supervisor elected in 1977 who mobilized opposition to the anti-gay Briggs Initiative before his 1978 assassination

1978 California proposal permitting dismissal of gay and lesbian public-school employees and possibly their supporters; voters defeated it

Conservative activist who led a successful 1977 campaign to repeal a gay-rights ordinance in Dade County, Florida

Disability-rights movement demanding that disabled people control their own lives and receive support for full participation in society

Disability-rights activist closely associated with the independent living movement and its demand for disabled people’s autonomy

Provision banning disability discrimination in federally funded programs; a 25-day San Francisco occupation in 1977 helped force enforcement regulations

Law requiring federally funded public schools to provide children with disabilities a free appropriate public education

1965 farmworker strike begun by Filipino workers and joined by Chávez’s organization to demand union recognition, higher wages, and better working conditions

UFW consumer campaign urging Americans not to buy table grapes, helping pressure major growers to sign contracts by 1970

1950s federal policy ending recognition of selected tribes in an effort to dissolve the federal-tribal relationship and promote assimilation

Federal programs encouraging Native people to leave reservations for cities, where many encountered poverty, unemployment, and discrimination

Feminist method in which women discussed shared personal experiences to identify broader patterns of gender inequality

Feminist principle that experiences treated as private problems often reflected broader social and political structures of male power

Feminist approach seeking equal opportunity by removing legal and institutional barriers within existing society

Feminist approach arguing that male power was embedded in fundamental social institutions, relationships, and cultural practices

Feminist approach connecting women’s inequality to capitalism and class relations as well as male power

Twenty-five-day 1977 occupation of a San Francisco federal building that helped force the government to issue regulations enforcing disability protections