AP®︎ US History: Topic 5.8 Flashcards

1861–1865 war in which the Union defeated the seceded Confederacy and restored federal authority

Federal fort attacked by Confederate forces on April 12, 1861, beginning the Civil War and prompting Lincoln’s call for troops

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri—slave states that remained in the Union and provided vital people, resources, routes, and strategic geography

The Union had to defeat Southern armies and restore federal authority; the Confederacy needed only to survive until the North abandoned reunification

July 1861 Confederate victory that disproved expectations of a short war and led both sides to raise larger armies

The Union had greater population, industry, finance, railroads, food, and naval power; the Confederacy had defensive geography, motivation, territory, and strong early commanders

Union strategy to blockade Southern ports, control the Mississippi River, and steadily pressure Confederate armies and strategic centers

Union general associated with the Anaconda Plan for blockading and gradually constricting the Confederacy

Naval effort that increasingly restricted Southern cotton exports and imports of weapons and manufactured supplies

Failed Confederate strategy of using European dependence on Southern cotton to obtain recognition, supplies, or intervention from Britain and France

The Confederacy adopted the first national draft in 1862 and the Union followed in 1863, with exemptions and substitution provisions provoking class resentment

July 1863 uprising combining opposition to the Union draft with class resentment, economic anxiety, and racist violence against African Americans

Northern Democrats who opposed continued warfare and favored negotiating with the Confederacy

1863 protest in which women facing severe food shortages looted Richmond stores, revealing Confederate home-front distress

Nearly 180,000 Black men served in the Union Army and about 20,000 in the Navy, adding manpower while weakening slavery and the Confederate economy

Wartime measure that encouraged enslaved people to flee, authorized Black military service, weakened Confederate labor, and discouraged European intervention

Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia whose aggressive leadership produced early successes but costly losses and failed invasions of the North

Confederate general noted for rapid movement and tactical daring during the South’s early eastern victories

Union general who trained the Army of the Potomac well but repeatedly overestimated Confederate strength and hesitated to pursue decisive victory

Aggressive Union commander who won key western victories and, from 1864, coordinated all Union armies in sustained pressure against the Confederacy

Tennessee forts captured by Grant in February 1862, opening river routes into the Confederate interior

Costly April 1862 battle in Tennessee that revealed the war’s growing scale and the Union’s ability to absorb heavy losses

Union naval commander who captured New Orleans in April 1862, depriving the Confederacy of its largest city and a major Mississippi port

April 1862 Union naval victory that seized the Confederacy’s largest city and an important port near the Mississippi’s mouth

September 17, 1862 battle that ended Lee’s Maryland invasion and enabled Lincoln to announce emancipation from a position of strength

July 1–3, 1863 Union victory in Pennsylvania that ended Lee’s major northern invasion and forced the Confederacy increasingly onto the defensive

Grant’s maneuver and siege campaign ending July 4, 1863, which gave the Union the Mississippi River and divided the Confederacy

Wearing down an enemy by inflicting losses and consuming resources faster than they can be replaced, a struggle that favored the better-supplied Union

Grant’s costly 1864 Virginia campaign that maintained continuous pressure on Lee and drove the fighting toward Petersburg

Prolonged Union operation against the railroad center supplying Richmond that pinned Lee’s army and subjected it to unsustainable attrition

Union general who captured Atlanta and conducted hard-war campaigns through Georgia and the Carolinas against Confederate infrastructure and resources

Sherman’s 1864 advance that captured a major Confederate railroad and industrial center, revived Northern morale, and aided Lincoln’s reelection

Lincoln defeated McClellan after the fall of Atlanta revived Northern morale, ensuring continuation of the war until Confederate defeat

Union president who sustained the war effort, replaced ineffective commanders, appointed Grant, and won reelection after Atlanta’s capture

Late Union strategy destroying railroads, farms, factories, and supplies that sustained Confederate armies, without officially authorizing indiscriminate killing of civilians

November–December 1864 march from Atlanta to Savannah that destroyed Confederate transportation, supplies, economic resources, and morale

Union general whose hard-war campaign devastated the Shenandoah Valley’s agricultural resources and ability to supply Confederate armies

Accurate long-range firearms and conical bullets that increased infantry firepower and made attacks against entrenched defenders especially costly

Railroads rapidly transported troops and supplies, making tracks, bridges, and junctions crucial military objectives and targets

Technology that allowed political and military leaders to communicate across long distances and coordinate operations more rapidly

Armored steam-powered vessels that demonstrated the growing obsolescence of wooden warships during the Civil War

Inconclusive March 1862 clash between ironclads that demonstrated the future of armored naval warfare

Site where Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865, under generous terms that effectively ended major Confederate resistance

McClellan’s 1862 advance toward Richmond that was driven back during the Seven Days Battles, leaving the Confederate capital uncaptured

Warfare mobilizing entire societies and attacking resources that sustain armies; Union hard war moved toward it but did not authorize unrestricted attacks on civilians