AP®︎ US History: Topic 2.3 Flashcards

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire; Puritan-influenced towns, family farms, town meetings, and a mixed commercial economy

English Protestants who founded Massachusetts Bay to create disciplined, covenanted Christian communities and enforced substantial religious conformity

Banished Massachusetts dissenter who founded Rhode Island in 1636 with church-state separation and comparatively broad religious toleration

New England institution in which qualified men governed local affairs, elected officials, levied taxes, and selected legislative representatives

Economy combining family farming with fishing, timber, shipbuilding, commerce, whaling, and small-scale manufacturing

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware; a diverse region of fertile farms, grain exports, religious pluralism, and major ports

Religious group emphasizing spiritual equality, opposing established churches, and generally rejecting warfare and compulsory military service

The middle colonies, whose fertile soil and moderate climate supported major exports of wheat and other cereal crops

Virginia and Maryland; tobacco-exporting colonies marked by dispersed riverfront settlement, bound labor, and planter-dominated government

A commodity, such as tobacco, rice, indigo, or sugar, produced primarily for sale and export rather than household use

Labor-intensive Chesapeake and North Carolina cash crop that brought prosperity while encouraging dispersed settlement, soil exhaustion, and demand for bound labor

Labor system in which migrants worked for a fixed term in exchange for transportation, supplying most early Chesapeake plantation labor

Policy granting land to those who paid migrants’ transportation costs, encouraging Chesapeake immigration and the growth of large estates

Virginia’s representative assembly, established in 1619 as the first elected legislature in the English mainland colonies

Proprietors who founded Maryland in 1634 partly as a refuge for English Catholics

1649 Maryland law protecting worship for Christians who accepted its Christian premises, not establishing complete religious liberty

North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; long growing seasons supported plantation exports and planter governments, especially in the Lowcountry

Leader in Georgia’s founding as a colony for poor settlers and a defensive buffer against Spanish Florida

Plantation labor system assigning enslaved workers specified daily tasks, sometimes leaving limited personal time after completion

Distinctive African American culture formed in coastal South Carolina and Georgia through the preservation and blending of African languages and traditions

Caribbean colonies such as Barbados and Jamaica, dominated by sugar plantations, enslaved African majorities, and wealthy planter elites

Local assemblies and institutions created as distance and weak British supervision forced colonists to manage taxation, spending, courts, roads, and defense

Britain’s loose or inconsistent supervision of colonial affairs while the colonies remained profitable and loyal, encouraging local political autonomy

Southern political pattern in which wealthy planters controlled elected assemblies, county courts, militia offices, and most political influence

English Separatists who broke with the Church of England and founded Plymouth in 1620

Massachusetts Bay leader who described the colony as a “city upon a hill,” an exemplary Puritan society

Winthrop’s image of Massachusetts Bay as an exemplary Christian society watched by the world

Dutch colony centered on New Amsterdam, seized by England in 1664 and renamed New York while retaining Dutch cultural influences

Quaker proprietor who promoted Pennsylvania with generous land policies and religious toleration to attract migrants

William Penn’s effort to make Pennsylvania a tolerant Quaker colony without an established church

Southern colony resembling the Chesapeake through smaller tobacco farms while also producing livestock, timber, and naval stores

Labor-intensive Lowcountry cash crop grown in coastal wetlands with enslaved labor and knowledge contributed by Africans

Lowcountry cash crop processed into blue dye and produced for export with enslaved labor

Highly profitable Caribbean cash crop produced on capital-intensive plantations by large enslaved African labor forces

Export economy based on large estates producing labor-intensive cash crops, chiefly with enslaved African labor