AP®︎ US History: Topic 2.2 Flashcards

Phrase summarizing Spain’s pursuit of wealth, Catholic conversion, and imperial power in the Americas

Spanish Florida settlement founded in 1565 that remained an important military and strategic outpost

Spanish settlement founded in 1610 that became the center of Spanish New Mexico

Spanish grant allowing an encomendero to demand labor or tribute from Native communities in return for supposed protection and conversion

Spanish compulsory labor draft that required Native communities to provide workers for colonial production

Network of Catholic communities that sought to convert Native peoples while reorganizing their settlement, culture, and labor

Spanish military fort that defended settlements, enforced colonial authority, and protected imperial frontiers and missions

Spanish colonial hierarchy that associated ancestry with social rank and legal privilege while favoring Spanish ancestry

France’s thinly settled North American empire, built along waterways through trade, missions, forts, and Native alliances

French explorer and colonizer who founded Quebec in 1608 and helped establish New France

French settlement founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 on the St. Lawrence River and a center of New France

Economic foundation of much of New France and New Netherland, exchanging European goods for Native-supplied furs, especially beaver pelts

Independent French traders who traveled through the interior to trade directly with Native communities for furs

Licensed French workers who transported trade goods and furs between Native communities and French markets

Mixed French and Native communities that emerged through intermarriage and kinship, especially around the fur trade

Catholic missionaries who sought to convert Native peoples in New France while working within French trade and alliance networks

New France’s land system in which large grants along the St. Lawrence were divided into farms worked by tenants

Dutch commercial colony centered on the Hudson River and New Amsterdam, established to profit from trade, shipping, and furs

Explorer whose 1609 voyage for the Dutch opened the river later named for him to Dutch trade and colonization

Dutch chartered company that established and administered New Netherland beginning in the 1620s

Diverse Dutch commercial port on Manhattan and the principal settlement of New Netherland; renamed New York after the English conquest

Dutch system granting large estates to investors who brought settlers to New Netherland, where tenants worked the land

England captured the sparsely populated Dutch colony in 1664 and renamed it and New Amsterdam New York

Business that sold shares to multiple investors, spreading the costs, risks, and possible profits of colonization

Crown-issued document authorizing a company or proprietor to establish, govern, distribute land in, and regulate a colony

Joint-stock company chartered by James I in 1606 that financed the founding of Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in the future United States, founded in Virginia in 1607 and sustained eventually by tobacco and migration

Powerful alliance of Native communities in the Chesapeake on which early Jamestown depended for trade and food

Jamestown leader who imposed military discipline and negotiated with the Powhatan chiefdom for food

Winter of 1609–1610 when hunger, disease, and conflict killed most Jamestown colonists and drove some to cannibalism

Virginia colonist who cultivated profitable tobacco for European markets, giving Jamestown a successful export economy

Virginia’s principal cash crop, whose profitability increased demand for land and labor and intensified expansion into Native territory

Virginia policy granting generally 50 acres for each passage financed, encouraging immigration while concentrating land among wealthy planters

Representative assembly established in Virginia in 1619 that gave property-owning colonists a limited role in local government

Worker contracted for several years in exchange for transportation and maintenance, unfree during the contract but not enslaved for life

English migrants who founded Plymouth in 1620 as part of family-based religious colonization

Permanent New England settlement founded by the Pilgrims in 1620 as a religious and family community

Puritan colony founded in 1630 that became a center of family migration to New England during the 1630s

Movement of thousands of Puritan men, women, and children to New England, especially during the 1630s

Colonization in which migrants establish permanent communities and transfer control of Indigenous land to settlers and their descendants

Spanish-born colonists who generally held the highest political and social positions in Spanish colonial society

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas who could be wealthy but were often excluded from the highest offices

People of mixed European and Native ancestry in Spanish colonial society

People of mixed European and African ancestry in Spanish colonial society