AP®︎ US History: Topic 2.7 Flashcards

Process by which colonists increasingly adopted British goods, culture, political models, and identity while remaining locally autonomous

Coexistence of multiple religious, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural groups in the colonies, without implying equality or complete toleration

Immigrants concentrated in Pennsylvania and nearby areas who maintained German-language churches, schools, newspapers, and farming communities

Mostly Protestant migrants from Ulster who settled heavily in the Appalachian backcountry from Pennsylvania southward

English legal doctrine under which a married woman’s legal identity and control of property were largely absorbed by her husband

Churches supported or preferred by colonial governments, especially Congregationalism in New England and Anglicanism in the South

1649 Maryland law protecting Christians who accepted the divinity of Jesus, an early but limited form of religious toleration

Protestant revivals of the 1730s–1740s stressing personal conversion, challenging established clergy, and connecting colonists across regional boundaries

Great Awakening theologian whose 1741 sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” urged repentance and personal conversion

English itinerant revivalist whose colony-to-colony preaching and newspaper coverage made the Great Awakening an intercolonial experience

New Lights supported revivalism and personal conversion; Old Lights defended established clergy, orderly worship, and traditional authority

Protestant movement emphasizing personal conversion and active preaching, spread across the colonies by revivals, itinerants, and print

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, observation, natural law, and human progress while questioning inherited authority

English Enlightenment thinker who argued for natural rights, government by consent, and a social contract limiting rulers

Rights people possess inherently and that legitimate governments exist to protect

Theory that government rests on the people’s consent and must protect their rights to remain legitimate

Colonial printer, scientist, inventor, and civic organizer who embodied Enlightenment reason, experimentation, and practical improvement

Circulation of newspapers, pamphlets, sermons, books, and ideas across the Atlantic and among colonies, creating a shared arena for debate

1735 acquittal of a New York printer prosecuted for criticizing Governor William Cosby; it became a symbol of resistance to official power but did not establish a legal right to press freedom

Claimed liberties of British subjects, including property protection, representative taxation, jury trials, and government under law

Britain’s informal pattern of lax colonial supervision and uneven trade-law enforcement, which allowed habits of practical self-government to grow

Elected representative bodies that controlled taxation and appropriations and often used governors’ salaries to influence imperial officials

Local assemblies in which eligible men directly decided community matters such as taxation, roads, and local government

Trade and information networks linking colonial ports and communities to one another as well as to the wider Atlantic economy

Imperial economic system that regulated colonial trade to increase the wealth, power, and security of Britain

British laws requiring important colonial trade to use English or colonial ships and directing certain commodities through regulated markets

Imperial government created in 1686 that centralized northern colonies, restricted self-rule, and collapsed after colonists overthrew it in 1689

Governor of the Dominion of New England who restricted town meetings, enforced trade laws, taxed without assemblies, and challenged land titles

1676 Virginia uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley that exposed conflict between frontier settlers and the coastal elite over defense, land, and Native policy

English opposition ideology warning that concentrated power, patronage, standing armies, and corruption threatened liberty

Social system in which men held primary legal, political, and household authority, while women’s rights and opportunities were restricted

Leader of the 1676 Virginia rebellion against Governor William Berkeley over frontier defense, western settlement, Native policy, and elite rule

Virginia governor accused by Nathaniel Bacon’s supporters of neglecting frontier defense and restricting attacks on Native communities