AP®︎ US History: Topic 5.11 Flashcards

Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for crime; its exception enabled racialized forced labor through convict leasing

Established birthright citizenship and barred states from denying due process or equal protection, later becoming a foundation of civil rights victories

Prohibited denial of voting rights because of race, color, or previous servitude, but discriminatory rules and violence later evaded it

State or local governments leased prisoners, disproportionately Black, to private employers for brutal forced labor

Sherman’s 1865 order reserved some abandoned coastal land for freed families, but Johnson later restored much of it to former Confederates

A landless family farmed an owner’s land for a share of the crop, leaving many Black and poor white farmers dependent and indebted

Farmers pledged future crops for high-interest credit, often ending the year in debt and tied to the same land or creditor

Postwar Southern laws that restricted freedpeople’s movement, occupations, labor, and civil status to preserve white control

Laws allowing officials to arrest people deemed unemployed or without lawful residence and compel those unable to pay fines to labor

The post-Reconstruction system of legally enforced segregation, disfranchisement, discrimination, and racial subordination

Derogatory Democratic labels for white Southern Republicans and Northerners who moved South after the Civil War, respectively

White supremacist organization founded in 1866 that used terrorism to suppress Black voting, remove Republicans, and restore white Democratic rule

Republican president whose administration used the Enforcement Acts to suppress the original Klan, though scandals and declining Northern commitment weakened Reconstruction

An 1873 Louisiana attack in which armed white men killed more than 100 Black men defending Republican control of a courthouse after a disputed election

The Democratic campaign of 1875 using intimidation, economic pressure, fraud, and violence to suppress Republican and Black voting

White Southern Democrats who claimed to “redeem” the South by ending Republican rule and restoring Democratic control and white supremacy

A financial panic that began a severe depression and shifted Northern attention away from enforcing African American rights in the South

Disputed presidential contest between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel J. Tilden whose resolution led to Reconstruction’s end

Informal settlement accepting Hayes as president while Republicans withdrew remaining federal support from Southern Reconstruction governments

The 1873 decision narrowly interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment’s Privileges or Immunities Clause and limiting federal protection of civil rights

The 1876 decision overturning Colfax convictions and holding that the Fourteenth Amendment restricted state action, not purely private violence

Federal law prohibiting racial discrimination in public accommodations, largely invalidated by the Supreme Court in 1883

The 1883 decisions striking down key parts of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 because the Fourteenth Amendment did not reach private discrimination

The 1896 decision upholding state-mandated segregation under “separate but equal,” giving constitutional legitimacy to Jim Crow

A required payment before voting that disproportionately disfranchised African Americans and poor citizens

A voting requirement administered subjectively by white registrars, who applied it more harshly to Black applicants

A rule exempting men from voting restrictions if their ancestors could vote before 1867, protecting many whites while excluding most Black citizens

A Democratic primary restricted to whites, effectively excluding Black voters where the Democratic nominee was certain to win

Redeemer demand for freedom from federal supervision, which in practice allowed white Southern governments to suppress Black political rights

Interpretation portraying the Confederacy as a noble defense of home and constitutional principles while minimizing slavery and freedpeople’s rights

Federal laws of 1870–1871 authorizing action against conspiracies that interfered with civil and voting rights

An 1871 law allowing the president to use federal troops and suspend habeas corpus where organized terrorism obstructed law enforcement

Union general whose Special Field Order No. 15 reserved some abandoned Southern coastal land for settlement by freed families

President who restored much confiscated or abandoned Southern land to pardoned former Confederates, undermining freedpeople’s hopes for landownership