AP®︎ US History: Topic 7.4 Flashcards

1890s–1920 reform era that used investigation, organization, expertise, and active government to address problems of industrial and urban society

Movement applying Christian ethics to poverty, inequality, and other social problems

Progressive investigative journalists who exposed political corruption, social injustice, and abuses of economic power

Muckraker whose History of the Standard Oil Company exposed the company’s monopolistic and predatory practices

Muckraker whose The Shame of the Cities exposed bribery, business influence, and urban political corruption

Reformer whose How the Other Half Lives used writing and photography to expose poverty and unsanitary New York tenements

Socialist author of The Jungle, whose account of meatpacking exploitation and filth helped inspire federal food-safety laws

Journalist and activist whose investigations exposed lynching as racial terrorism and challenged its false justifications

Neighborhood centers where reformers provided education, health, legal, and social services while investigating urban conditions

Chicago settlement house founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr to serve immigrants and advance urban reform

Hull House cofounder and leading Progressive advocate of settlement work, social welfare, and urban reform

Programs teaching English, citizenship, and U.S. customs that aided some immigrants but also pressured them to abandon their cultures

1911 New York factory fire that killed 146 workers and spurred stronger fire codes, inspections, and workplace-safety laws

1905 decision striking down a bakery-hours law as an unconstitutional interference with liberty of contract

1908 decision upholding maximum hours for women, permitting protective legislation while reinforcing maternalist assumptions

Louis Brandeis’s evidence-based legal brief using social-science data to defend Oregon’s maximum-hour law in Muller

1916 law restricting interstate trade in goods made by child labor, later invalidated by the Supreme Court

1918 decision invalidating the Keating–Owen Act and limiting federal power to regulate child labor through interstate commerce

Election in which voters, rather than party leaders, choose a party’s nominees

Process allowing citizens to place a proposed law directly on the ballot

Process allowing voters to approve or reject legislation directly

Process allowing voters to remove an elected official before the end of the official’s term

Government-printed ballot marked privately to reduce party intimidation and control over voters

Municipal system placing city departments under a small board of commissioners to promote efficient, expert administration

Municipal system in which an elected council appoints a trained professional to administer city government

Wisconsin Progressive who promoted direct primaries, corporate regulation, tax reform, workers’ compensation, and expert policymaking

La Follette’s policy of using University of Wisconsin experts to research and design state reforms

Progressive president who promoted the Square Deal, mediated labor disputes, regulated corporations, protected consumers, and expanded conservation

Theodore Roosevelt’s program promising fair treatment for business, labor, and the public through regulation and active federal mediation

Roosevelt antitrust case resulting in the 1904 dissolution of a powerful railroad holding company

1902 strike in which Roosevelt threatened federal intervention and mediated a settlement granting miners higher wages and shorter hours

1903 law strengthening federal enforcement against discriminatory railroad rebates

1906 law expanding the Interstate Commerce Commission’s authority to regulate railroad rates

1906 law requiring federal inspection and sanitary standards in meat-processing facilities

1906 law prohibiting adulterated or fraudulently labeled food and medicine

Progressive-era president who pursued numerous antitrust cases but alienated reform Republicans over tariffs and conservation

1910 law strengthening railroad regulation and extending Interstate Commerce Commission authority to communications companies

1909 tariff signed by Taft that failed to deliver the major reductions Progressive Republicans expected

Dispute in which Taft supported Interior Secretary Ballinger and dismissed conservationist Gifford Pinchot, deepening the Republican split

Party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 after losing the Republican nomination to Taft

Roosevelt’s 1912 program accepting large corporations but demanding strong federal regulation and social-welfare measures

Progressive-era president whose New Freedom reduced tariffs, reformed banking, and strengthened federal regulation while his administration segregated federal offices

Wilson’s program to restore competition through lower tariffs, banking reform, antitrust action, and later continuing federal regulation

1913 law substantially reducing tariff rates

1913 law creating regional Federal Reserve banks under federal supervision to manage currency, credit, and banking instability

1914 law creating the Federal Trade Commission to investigate and prohibit unfair business practices

1914 law strengthening antitrust enforcement and limiting the use of antitrust law and injunctions against labor unions

1913 amendment authorizing a federal income tax

1913 amendment establishing direct popular election of United States senators

1919 amendment prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquor

Law implementing and enforcing national Prohibition under the Eighteenth Amendment beginning in 1920

1920 amendment prohibiting denial of voting rights on the basis of sex, though racial barriers still restricted many women

Reform movement seeking to reduce or prohibit alcohol because of its perceived effects on families, poverty, labor, and political corruption

Women-led organization connecting alcohol prohibition with protection of families from domestic violence and lost wages

Organization that used concentrated political lobbying to build support for alcohol prohibition

Suffrage organization associated with Carrie Chapman Catt that used lobbying, state campaigns, and coordinated national organizing

NAWSA leader who pursued women’s suffrage through organized lobbying, state campaigns, and a national amendment strategy

Militant suffrage leader who organized demonstrations and White House picketing through the National Woman’s Party

Alice Paul’s suffrage organization, known for demonstrations and White House picketing

Black leader who emphasized vocational education, economic advancement, and institution building while accommodating segregation temporarily

Black activist who demanded immediate civil and political equality and helped lead the Niagara Movement and found the NAACP.

Organization led by Du Bois that demanded immediate civil rights and opposed accommodation to segregation

Interracial organization founded in 1909 that used litigation, publicity, and activism against lynching and discrimination

False theory that government could improve society by controlling reproduction according to supposedly hereditary fitness

Law enacted over Wilson’s veto that imposed a literacy test on prospective immigrants

Conservation favored scientific, sustainable use of resources; preservation sought to protect wilderness from commercial development

Conservationist and first U.S. Forest Service chief who favored scientific management for long-term public use of resources

Preservationist and Sierra Club leader who sought to protect wilderness for its spiritual, aesthetic, and ecological value

Federal agency created in 1905 to manage national forests according to conservationist principles

1906 law authorizing presidents to designate national monuments on federal lands with important natural, cultural, or scientific features

Dispute over San Francisco’s Yosemite dam, supported by conservationists for public use and opposed by preservationists as wilderness destruction

Federal agency created in 1916 to manage the expanding national park system

Upton Sinclair’s 1906 novel exposing meatpacking exploitation and filth, which helped prompt federal food-safety laws