AP®︎ US History: Topic 4.10 Flashcards

Protestant revival movement beginning in the 1790s and peaking in the 1820s and 1830s that emphasized emotional conversion, free will, popular participation, and moral improvement

Removal of government support for established churches, forcing denominations to compete for voluntary members through missions, accessible preaching, and revivals

Reliance on reason and nature rather than traditional revelation, provoking an evangelical response centered on faith, emotion, and personal conversion

Enlightenment belief in a creator understood through reason and nature rather than traditional revelation or church doctrine

Liberal Protestant movement that rejected the Trinity and emphasized reason, moral progress, and human improvement

Predestination held that God had already chosen the saved; revivalists increasingly taught that individuals could freely repent, reject sin, and choose salvation

Protestant Christianity centered on personal conversion, emotional preaching, active evangelization, and individual moral responsibility

Expanding popular politics and distrust of inherited privilege encouraged religion that offered salvation and participation to ordinary people

Commercialization, wage labor, and urban growth disrupted older communities, leading churches to offer moral discipline, identity, and social support

Rapid western migration created scattered settlements without stable churches, increasing demand for itinerant ministers, camp meetings, and flexible denominations

Itinerant Methodist ministers who repeatedly traveled assigned territories to preach, administer sacraments, and organize frontier congregations

Methodist leader who helped build the national circuit-rider system that spread Methodism among dispersed populations

Multiday outdoor frontier gatherings where itinerant ministers used preaching, prayer, and song to seek emotional public conversions

Major 1801 Kentucky camp meeting associated with Barton W. Stone that featured cross-denominational preaching and intense emotional responses

Presbyterian minister associated with organizing the influential Cane Ridge revival in Kentucky in 1801

Upstate and western New York region repeatedly swept by revivals and known for numerous religious experiments and reform organizations

Leading revivalist who taught that sin was voluntary, conversion was an immediate choice, and deliberate methods could persuade people to repent

Finney’s deliberate revival techniques, including prolonged meetings, urgent preaching, public prayer, women’s public participation, and the anxious bench

Conspicuous front seat used in Finney’s revivals for people publicly considering conversion

Belief associated with Finney that individuals and society could make extraordinary moral progress and, in some versions, overcome voluntary sin

Church founded by Joseph Smith as a restoration of original Christianity amid the religious experimentation of the Burned-over District

Founder of the Latter-day Saint movement who reported revelations and published the Book of Mormon in 1830

The colonial First emphasized revival under Edwards and Whitefield; the Second arose amid democracy, migration, disestablishment, and markets and stressed free will and organized moral improvement

Rapid denominational growth driven by accessible conversion preaching and flexible organizations suited to mobile and dispersed populations