AP®︎ US History: Topic 3.12 Flashcards

Descendants of Scottish Protestants from northern Ireland who migrated through Pennsylvania and the Shenandoah Valley into the southern and western backcountry

Migrants who formed substantial Pennsylvania communities and carried German-language churches, schools, newspapers, and farming traditions into Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas

Cultures in shifting zones of settlement marked by ethnic diversity, local autonomy, mixed subsistence and market economies, and distrust of distant eastern governments

Purchase of large western tracts in expectation that migration would raise land values, often creating disputes with settlers, governments, and Native nations

U.S.-claimed land north of the Ohio River where settlement, Native resistance, federal territorial policy, and the prohibition of slavery shaped western expansion

Created a process for western territories to become equal states, encouraged education, protected property, and prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory

The claim that Native nations governed their own peoples and lands and that territory could be transferred only through legitimate treaties

Native confederacy divided during the Revolution, with the Oneida and Tuscarora generally supporting the Americans and many Mohawk, Seneca, and Cayuga supporting Britain

Recognized U.S. independence and assigned it lands to the Mississippi, although Native nations rejected Britain's authority to transfer their territory

Loose alliance of Shawnee, Miami, Delaware, and other Native peoples formed to resist U.S. settlement north of the Ohio River

Conflict in which the Western Confederacy resisted U.S. settlement north of the Ohio until American victory and the Treaty of Greenville opened more land

Miami chief who helped lead the Western Confederacy to major victories over U.S. forces, including St. Clair's defeat in 1791

U.S. commander whose army was destroyed by Little Turtle and other Native leaders in 1791, exposing federal weakness in the West

The Western Confederacy's destruction of Arthur St. Clair's army in 1791, one of the worst U.S. defeats by Native forces

U.S. general who organized a better-trained army and defeated the Western Confederacy at Fallen Timbers in 1794

Anthony Wayne's 1794 victory over the Western Confederacy, after which nearby British forces refused refuge to retreating Native warriors

1795 treaty in which Native representatives ceded much of present-day Ohio to the United States, opening it to increased settlement

1794 agreement that arranged Britain's evacuation of western posts, weakening British support for Native resistance and strengthening U.S. control of the Old Northwest

Cherokee leader who rejected land cessions and led resistance from communities often called the Chickamauga Cherokee

Creek leader who balanced relations with Spain and the United States to defend Creek land and autonomy

1790 agreement intended to establish peace and a boundary between the Creek Nation and the United States, though land disputes continued

The involuntary Atlantic transport and internal movement of enslaved Africans through sales, inheritance, and slaveholding migration into southern and western lands

Inventor who developed the cotton gin in 1793, making short-staple cotton far more profitable and accelerating slavery's expansion

Machine that rapidly removed seeds from short-staple cotton, increasing cotton profitability and demand for plantation land and enslaved labor

Religious organizing against slavery that joined Revolutionary ideals and Black activism in encouraging northern abolition

Northern policy that placed slavery on a path toward extinction, often freeing future generations rather than immediately emancipating everyone enslaved

First state gradual abolition law, changing the status of children born after its passage rather than immediately freeing all enslaved people

Early-1780s court decisions effectively ended slavery by ruling it incompatible with the state constitution's declaration of equality

The individual freeing of an enslaved person by a slaveholder, made easier in Virginia in 1782 but insufficient to displace slavery

Migration route through the Cumberland Gap that connected the eastern states with Kentucky and encouraged westward settlement